tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60157157566660665792024-03-13T22:13:35.431+08:00OSH POLIMASAW101 Occupational Safety and Health 1pulangkanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01287080404082095904noreply@blogger.comBlogger46125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-32150693691582238582011-06-29T09:44:00.001+08:002011-06-29T09:44:53.493+08:00israk mikraj<a href='http://touch.facebook.com/notes/rohaya-daud/peristiwa-israk-mikraj-nabi-muhammad-saw-27-rejab/240967979247076?refsrc=http%3A%2F%2Ftouch.facebook.com%2Fauth.php&m_sess=1x88uS-KqzoC8qc&_rdr'>Rohaya Daud's Notes</a><div style='clear: both; text-align: center; font-size: xx-small;'>Published with Blogger-droid v1.7.2</div>pulangkanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01287080404082095904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-80728692576264272832011-05-02T12:29:00.000+08:002011-05-02T12:31:13.011+08:00Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><h2 style="margin-top: 40px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><i>Ku Ahmad Mudrikah Ku Mukhtar , Mohammad Hafizh Asyraf Ismail , Ahmad Farhan Ahmad Fuad, Afif Asyraf, Zaki Zakwan</i></span></span></p><div style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><i><br /></i></span></span></div></span></span></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin-top: 40px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-size: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; ">There are three steps used to manage health and safety at work:</span></h2><ol style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 26px; "><li>Spot the Hazard (Hazard Identification)</li><li>Assess the Risk (Risk Assessment)</li><li>Make the Changes (Risk Control)</li></ol><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; "> At work you can use these three ThinkSafe steps to help prevent accidents.</p><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin-top: 40px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-size: 17px; ">Using the ThinkSafe steps</h2><h3 style="line-height: 26px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px; "><a name="H3N10035"></a>1. Spot the Hazard</h3><p class="keypoint" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; border-right-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-right: 20px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; padding-left: 20px; padding-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 100px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 5px; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0); "><strong>Key Point</strong><br />A hazard is anything that could hurt you or someone else.</p><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">Examples of workplace hazards include:<br /></p><ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 26px; "><li>frayed electrical cords (could result in electrical shock)</li><li>boxes stacked precariously (they could fall on someone)</li><li>noisy machinery (could result in damage to your hearing)</li></ul><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">During work experience, you must remain alert to anything that may be dangerous. If you see, hear or smell anything odd, take note. If you think it could be a hazard, tell someone.</p><h3 style="line-height: 26px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px; "><a name="H3N10056"></a>2. Assess the Risk</h3><p class="keypoint" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; border-right-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-right: 20px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; padding-left: 20px; padding-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 100px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 5px; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0); "><strong>Key Point</strong><br />Assessing the risk means working out how likely it is that a hazard will harm someone and how serious the harm could be.</p><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">Whenever you spot a hazard, assess the risk by asking yourself two questions:</p><ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 26px; "><li>how likely is it that the hazard could harm me or someone else?</li><li>how badly could I or someone else be harmed?</li></ul><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">Always tell someone (your employer, your supervisor or your health and safety representative) about hazards you can't fix yourself, especially if the hazard could cause serious harm to anyone.</p><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">For example:<br /></p><ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 26px; "><li>ask your supervisor for instructions and training before using equipment</li><li>ask for help moving or lifting heavy objects</li><li>tell your supervisor if you think a work practice could be dangerous</li></ul><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">If you are not sure of the safest way to do something on work experience, always ask your work experience supervisor.</p><h3 style="line-height: 26px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px; "><a name="H3N10086"></a>3. Make the Changes</h3><p class="keypoint" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; border-right-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-right: 20px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; padding-left: 20px; padding-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 100px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 5px; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0); "><strong>Key Point</strong><br />It is your employer's responsibility to fix hazards. Sometimes you may be able to fix simple hazards yourself, as long as you don't put yourself or others at risk. For example, you can pick up things from the floor and put them away to eliminate a trip hazard.</p><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">The best way to fix a hazard is to get rid of it altogether. This is not always possible, but your employer should try to make hazards less dangerous by looking at the following options (in order from most effective to least effective):</p><ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 26px; "><li><strong>Elimination</strong> - Sometimes hazards - equipment, substances or work practices - can be avoided entirely. (e.g. Clean high windows from the ground with an extendable pole cleaner, rather than by climbing a ladder and risking a fall.)</li><li><strong>Substitution</strong> - Sometimes a less hazardous thing, substance or work practice can be used. (e.g. Use a non-toxic glue instead of a toxic glue.)</li><li><strong>Isolation</strong> - Separate the hazard from people, by marking the hazardous area, fitting screens or putting up safety barriers. (e.g. Welding screens can be used to isolate welding operations from other workers. Barriers and/or boundary lines can be used to separate areas where forklifts operate near pedestrians in the workplace.)</li><li><strong>Safeguards</strong> - Safeguards can be added by modifying tools or equipment, or fitting guards to machinery. These must never be removed or disabled by workers using the equipment.</li><li><strong>Instructing workers in the safest way to do something</strong> - This means developing and enforcing safe work procedures. Students on work experience must be given information and instruction and must follow agreed procedures to ensure their safety.</li><li><strong>Using personal protective equipment and clothing (PPE)</strong> - If risks remain after the options have been tried, it may be necessary to use equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, helmets and ear muffs. PPE can protect you from hazards associated with jobs such as handling chemicals or working in a noisy environment.</li></ul><p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; ">Sometimes, it will require more than one of the risk control measures above to effectively reduce exposure to hazards.</p></span>Mudrikahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14911169906678635848noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-73663965689861722682011-05-02T12:07:00.002+08:002011-05-02T12:24:28.946+08:00<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; ">FIRST AID KIT</span><b style="font-size: 16pt; "> </b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><i>By<br /></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><i>Ku Ahmad Mudrikah Ku Mukhtar , Mohammad Hafizh Asyraf Ismail , Ahmad Farhan Ahmad Fuad, Afif Asyraf, Zaki Zakwan</i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(129, 129, 129); "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">First aid is a vital aspect in every household. It means the initial or the first </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">action to be done in case of an emergency . In other words, it is the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">administration of emergency assistance to individuals who have been injured </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">or otherwise disabled, prior to the arrival of a physician or transportation to a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">hospital. It may improve the situation or perhaps solving the problem all </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">together. But, first aid should never be the substitution for definitive medical </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">care.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >The kit should contain the following items</span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: blue; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "></p><ul style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Sterilized cotton gauze swab.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Sterilized gauze and cotton wool pad.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Assorted adhesive plasters.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Elastic bandages.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Triangular bandage.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Clinical thermometer.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Scissors.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Pointed tweezers.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">Safety pins or clips.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">External medication – anti-itch cream, antiseptic lotion, etc.</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; ">Internal medication – antacid, pain reliever, fever reliever, etc.</span></li></ul><p></p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><o:p></o:p></p><p class="CM15" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 12pt; line-height: 12pt; "><span></span><span style="color: black; ">The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 require you to provide adequate and appropriate first-aid equipment, facilities and people so your employees can be given immediate help if they are injured or taken ill at work.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="CM15" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 28.85pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; ">What is ‘adequate and appropriate’ will depend on the circumstances in your workplace and you should assess what your first-aid needs are.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="CM2" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="color: black; ">The minimum first-aid provision on any work site is:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-indent: -15pt; ">■ a suitably stocked first-aid box.</p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-indent: -15pt; ">■ an appointed person to take charge of first-aid arrangements.</p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-indent: -15pt; ">■ information for employees about first-aid arrangements.</p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; ">It is important to remember that accidents and illness can happen at any time. First-aid provision needs to be available at all times people are at work.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Helvetica 65 Medium', sans-serif; color: black; ">First- Aider<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="CM3" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-right: 4.5pt; "><span style="color: black; ">A first-aider is someone who has undertaken training and has a qualification that HSE approves. This means that they must hold a valid certificate of competence in either:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-indent: -15pt; ">■ first aid at work (FAW), issued by a training organisation approved by HSE; or</p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-indent: -15pt; ">■ emergency first aid at work (EFAW), issued by a training organisation approved by HSE or a recognised Awarding Body of Ofqual/Scottish Qualifications Authority.</p><p class="Default" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><o:p></o:p></p><p class="CM15" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; ">You can obtain lists of suitable training providers and Awarding Bodies from HSE’s Infoline.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="CM15" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; ">Use the findings of your first-aid needs assessment to decide whether first-aiders should be trained in FAW or EFAW. EFAW training enables a first-aider to give emergency first aid to someone who is injured or becomes ill while at work. FAW training includes EFAW and also equips the first-aider to apply first aid to a range of specific injuries and illness. As a guide, Table 2 suggests the first-aid personnel to provide under different circumstances.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; color: black; ">To help keep their basic skills up to date, it is strongly recommended that your firstaiders undertake annual refresher training. The training organisations referred to above can run these courses.</span></p>Mudrikahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14911169906678635848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-82499344604851609602011-04-28T12:22:00.002+08:002011-04-28T12:22:50.005+08:00Tahniah<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 187px;"><colgroup><col style="mso-width-alt: 877; mso-width-source: userset; width: 18pt;" width="24"><col style="mso-width-alt: 4096; mso-width-source: userset; width: 84pt;" width="112"><col style="mso-width-alt: 1865; mso-width-source: userset; width: 38pt;" width="51"></colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 17.1pt; width: 18pt;" width="24"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 84pt;" width="112"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP09F2038</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; width: 38pt;" width="51"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">73</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">2</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1061</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">75</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">3</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1093</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">72</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">4</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1094</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">86</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">5</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1095</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">81</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">6</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1097</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">84</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">7</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1098</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">81</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">8</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1099</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">84</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">9</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1100</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">92</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">10</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1101</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">75</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">11</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1103</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">82</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">12</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1105</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">71</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">13</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1106</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">76</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">14</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1107</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">73</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">15</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1108</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">82</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">16</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1109</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">94</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">17</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1110</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">89</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">18</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1112</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">80</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">19</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1113</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">71</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">20</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1114</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">66</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">21</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1115</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">89</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">22</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1116</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">67</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">23</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1117</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">80</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">24</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1119</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">76</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">25</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1120</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">85</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">26</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1121</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">69</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">27</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1123</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">73</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">28</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1124</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">84</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">29</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1125</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">83</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">30</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1127</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">73</span></td></tr>
<tr height="22" style="height: 17.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl71" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">31</span></td><td class="xl71" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">03DIP10F1128</span></td><td class="xl70" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">73</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>pulangkanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01287080404082095904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-14520082830499525712011-04-05T01:35:00.000+08:002011-04-05T01:36:30.624+08:00<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; line-height:115%">by maallini doraisingam</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; line-height:115%">03dip10f1117</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; line-height:115%">First aid <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; line-height:115%">Meaning=<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">First aid</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">is the provision of initial care for an</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">illness</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">or</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">injury. It is usually performed by a non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">medical treatment</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="apple-style-span"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">First aid kits<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">sharp scissors<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">safety pins<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">first aid manual<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">antiseptic wipes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">alcohol wipes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">thermometer<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">tweezers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">calamine lotion</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align: baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span class="apple-style-span">plastic non-latex gloves (at least 2 pairs)</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:16.2pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 16.2pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#95B3D7;mso-themecolor:accent1; mso-themetint:153">After you have done keeping it….NEXT is??<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in; margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Read the entire first-aid manual so you'll understand how to use the contents of your kits. (If your kids are old enough to understand, review the manuals with them.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in; margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Store first-aid kits in places that are out of children's reach but easily accessible for adults.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in; margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Check the kits regularly. Replace missing items or medicines that may have expired.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in; margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Check the flashlight batteries to make sure they work.<o:p></o:p></span></p>MAheEHeManhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07389835734680484514noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-17106709761265592932011-04-05T01:21:00.000+08:002011-04-05T01:22:54.516+08:00<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px; line-height: 31px;">by maallini doraisingam</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px; line-height: 31px;">03dip10f1117</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%">Kemalangan di tempat kerja<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Incident prevention<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">An unsafe occurance arising of or in the course of work.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Causes of incident<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t13" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="13" adj="16200,5400" path="m@0,l@0@1,0@1,0@2@0@2@0,21600,21600,10800xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #0"> <v:f eqn="val #1"> <v:f eqn="sum height 0 #1"> <v:f eqn="sum 10800 0 #1"> <v:f eqn="sum width 0 #0"> <v:f eqn="prod @4 @3 10800"> <v:f eqn="sum width 0 @5"> </v:formulas> <v:path connecttype="custom" connectlocs="@0,0;0,10800;@0,21600;21600,10800" connectangles="270,180,90,0" textboxrect="0,@1,@6,@2"> <v:handles> <v:h position="#0,#1" xrange="0,21600" yrange="0,10800"> </v:handles> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t13" style="'position:absolute;"><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251658240;margin-left: 96px;margin-top:6px;width:41px;height:13px"><img width="41" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt; line-height:115%">Unsafe act <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>caused by human<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t13" style="'position:absolute;margin-left:112.8pt;margin-top:7.35pt;width:28.2pt;"><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251659264;margin-left: 149px;margin-top:8px;width:41px;height:14px"><img width="41" height="14" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1027" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt; line-height:115%">Unsafe condition <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>physical<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Personal protective equipment<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">safety helmet- head protection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">ear plug-hearing protection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">goggles-eye protection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">safety mask-respiratory protection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">safety gloves-hand protection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">6.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">body harness-safety belt<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">7.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">safety boot-leg protection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">8.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">protective clothing-body protection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:16.0pt; line-height:115%">We need all this things to makesure we are safe from accidents which is the result of our carelessness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>MAheEHeManhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07389835734680484514noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-44607293862558492412011-04-05T00:57:00.000+08:002011-04-05T00:58:55.402+08:00<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:22.0pt;line-height:115%">by maallini doraisingam</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:22.0pt;line-height:115%">03dip10f1117</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:22.0pt;line-height:115%">Hirarc<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Hirarc is hazard identification,risk assessement,and risk control.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Classification of hazard<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">physically-noise,vibration,heat,etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">biological-radiation,virus,hiv,aids.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Chemical-acid,poison<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Physhological-demotiyated<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Ergonomic-workplace design<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Hazard identification<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">observation<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">report<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">detector<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Risk assessment<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Process of estimating the magnitude at risk and deciding whether or not the risk is tolerable.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Risk control<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Elimination<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Substitution<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Isolation<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Engineering<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Administrative<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">6.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">Work practice<o:p></o:p></span></p>MAheEHeManhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07389835734680484514noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-30730624950981157462011-04-04T00:43:00.000+08:002011-04-04T00:43:58.575+08:00HIRARC<div class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FATIN SYAZWANI BINTI RAMLEE (F1115)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NUR AZREENA ZAHIRA BINTI KAMARUZAMAN(F1128)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NUR SYUHADA BINTI YAACOB (F1123)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NURUL SYIFA' BINTI ADNAN (F1121)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SITI NOR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHD SAID(F1110)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; 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</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction to HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Principles used in workplace to manage safety and health.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section 15 (2)(a) of OSHA 1994which reads “ the provision and maintenance of plants and <b><u>systems of work</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>that are,so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is a requirement under the law (OSHA and its Regulations)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We need to make provisions for securing the safety, health and welfare of our colleagues</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We need to make provisions for protecting our clients against risks to safety or health in connection with our trade and activities It is a requirement under the law (OSHA and its Regulations)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In order for us to achieve the objectives of OSH we need to look into<b>HIRARC</b> which is the basis of occupational safety and health. <b>HIRARC</b>is a compound word which is made up of three consecutive activities running one after the other. The activities consist of <b>Hazard Indentification</b>, <b>Risk Assessment</b> and <b>Risk Control</b>. Hazard indentification is the recognising of things which may cause injury or harm to a person. Risk assessment is the looking at the possibility of injury or harm occuring to a person if exposed to a hazard. The introduction of measures which will eliminate or reduce the risk of a person being exposed to a harzard is known as Risk control<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #C2894D; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We need to know about HIRARC because:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #C2894D; line-height: normal; margin-left: 96.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">it is the core business of all OSH personnel, safety committee members, supervisors...etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #C2894D; line-height: normal; margin-left: 96.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">it is a DIRECTIVE from the Chief Secretary of the government service to all government departments and agencies through its letter of directive: UPTM 159/267/50 Klt.4 dated 20<sup>th</sup> of August 2004. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #C2894D; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Before the proccess of identifying any hazards begin, it is necessary to know how to classify what is hazard, risk and danger.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #C2894D; line-height: normal; margin-left: 96.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hazard - anything that can cause harm.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #C2894D; line-height: normal; margin-left: 96.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Risk - a probability of harm actually being done.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #C2894D; line-height: normal; margin-left: 96.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Danger - the relative exposure to a hazard.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Planning And Conducting OF HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Purpose of HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The purpose of HIRARC are as follows:-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A)To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the hazards)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B)To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in thecircumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come promit (the risks) and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C)To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure that the risks are adequately controlled at all times.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Planning of HIRARC Activities<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted –<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A)For situation –<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.where hazard appear to pose signif cant threat;<br />
ii.uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and<br />
iii.before implementing corrective or preventive measures.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B)By organization intending to continuously improve OSH Management System.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It should be the duty of the employer to assign a trained personnel to lead a team of employees associated with one particular process or activity to conduct HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Process of HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps -<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. classify work activities;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. identify hazard;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from each hazard), bycalculating or estimating -<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.likelihood of occurrence, and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ii. severity of hazard;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-72336062067512838302011-04-04T00:41:00.000+08:002011-04-04T00:41:13.570+08:00KEMALANGAN DI TEMPAT KERJA<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b>FATIN SYAZWANI BINTI RAMLEE (F1115)</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b>NUR AZREENA ZAHIRA BINTI KAMARUZAMAN (F1128)</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b>NUR SYUHADA BINTI YAACOB (F1123)</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b>NURUL SYIFA' BINTI ADNAN (F1121)</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b>SITI NOR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHD SAID (F1110)</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Punca Kemalangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tapak pembinaan boleh menjadi amat berbahaya apabila subkontraktor gagal mengamalkan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">langkah-langkah keselamatan. Dalam kilang bahan kimia, kilang besi, kilang penapis, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pemasangan paip, pembinaan bangunan tinggi dan lain-lain tapak pembinaan, kemalangan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">boleh mengakibatkan kecederaan yang kritikal dan kemalangan yang meyayatkan hati. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemalangan scaffolding serta punca lain yang boleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengakibatkan kemalangan dan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kematian biasanya disebabkan oleh kecuaian dalam menggunakan peralatan dan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">penyelenggaraan. Sebanyak 10,000 kemalangan selalu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilaporkan adalah berkaitan dengan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">scaffolding. Kebanyakan kecederaan yang disebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh scaffolding adalah berpunca <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">daripada kegagalan untuk menampung atau pekerja tergelincir atau terhantuk dengan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan yang jatuh dari atas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kimpalan, memotong dan membuat sokongan adalah aktiviti yang mempunyai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gabungan hazard kepada keselamatan dan kesihatan dan lebih 500,000 pekerja dalam banyak <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">industri terdedah kepada risiko sebegini. Peraturan mewajibkan penggunaan alatan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">perlindungan individu untuk menggurangkan pekerja terdedah kepada hazard semasa <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">membuat kerja kimpalan. Majikan diminta menyenaraikan hazard-hazard yang terdapat di <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tempat kerja dan mengkaji bahawa perlulkah pekerja menggunakan alatan perlindungan diri <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk melindungi pekerja mereka. Antara hazard yang berkaitan dengan kerja kimpalan ialah <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sinaran UV(ultraviolet radiation) yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>electric arc<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">proses kimpalan. Kulit yang terdedah dengan sinaran UV akan terbakar dengan teruk dalam <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kebanyakan kes tanpa sebarang amaran awal. UV juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>boleh merosakkan kanta mata dan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">menjadikan kulit menjadi sensitif kepada beberapa penggunaan bahan kimia (Robert et. al <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1985). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinaran IR(infrated radiation) yang dihasilkan dengan penggunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>electric arc<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nyala mesin pemotong boleh melecurkan permukaan kulit dan tisu di bahagian bawah dengan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">serta-merta. Keadaan seperti ini boleh menyebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebakaran termal dalam sesetengah <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">situasi. Pekerja dalam sektor pembinaan terdedah kepada berbagai jenis bahaya dan berdepan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan risiko yang tinggi yang berkait dengan kecederaan dan kematian adalah tinggi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">berbanding dengan sektor lain di Malaysia. Statistik menunjukkan seramai 9605 orang mati <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk 10 tahun yang yang lepas dalam kemalangan yang berlaku di tapak pembinaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada tahun 1992, sebanyak 919 kematian direkodkan tetapi pada tahun 2005, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bilangan ini meningkatkan kepada 1150 kematian. Hampir setengah daripada kemalangan ini <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">melibatkan kaum lelaki yang berusia di antara 20 hingga 24 tahun. Pada yang tahun yang <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sama, lebih daripada setengah kematian dalam sektor pembinaan (544) berlaku di antara <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lingkungan usia ini. Syarikat kecil tidak menyediakan program keselamatan yang formal <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">seperti syarikat besar kerana program seperti ini memerlukan kebenaran OSHA. Syarikat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kecil juga tidak dapat untuk menyediakan pekerja mereka dengan peralatan yang selamat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">seperti harnesses, tie-offs dan lanyards (Robert et. al 1985).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setiap tahun, kejadian tergelincir merekodkan bahagian yang besar dalam jumlah <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mangsa di tapak pembinaan. Kemalangan jenis ini lazimnya melibatkan punca yang pelbagai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">iaitu tempat kerja yang tidak stabil, penggunaan alatan perlindungan yang tidak betul dan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kecuiaan manusia. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan jaring keselamatan(safety nets), <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sistem kawalan kegelinciran(fall arrest system), penutup(covers) dan sistem kawalan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pengangkutan(travel restriction system) boleh mencegah daripada kecederaan akibat terjatuh <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan kematian. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antara faktor tergelincir dan kecederaan di tapak pembinaan di Malaysia ialah: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• lubang yang tidak ditutup di atas lantai atau tanah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kecuaian dalam penggunaan tangga <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• pembinaan scaffolding yang tidak sempurna <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kekurangan latihan penggunaan jentera berat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kemalangan jentera pembinaan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• keadaan di mana membenarkan objek jatuh dan menghempap pekerja <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kegagalan menggunakan jaring(nets) atau kanopi untuk menangkap objek yang jatuh <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kekurangan penyeliaan keselamatan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• pelanggaran peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Occupational Safety and Health <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Administration(OSHA) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kecuaian pekerja tapak yang lain <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kelakuan pekerja tapak yang tidak memuaskan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kerosakan peralatan di tapak bina <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kecuaian dan kesilapan pekerja lain mengambil dadah atau meminum arak <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dalam kebanyakkan kes, kemalangan di tapak disebabkan oleh mangsa kecederaan bagaimanapun, dalam banyak kes kemalangan tapak bukan merupakan kesalahan mangsa yang tercedera. Keadaan ini membolehkan mangsa menuntut ganti rugi untuk kegunaan rawatan, kerugian pendapatan, kesakitan, penderitaan dan kecederaan untuk jangka masa yang </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">panjang yang disebabkan oleh kemalangan. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antara keadaan yang berbahaya di tapak bina: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kerosakkan scaffolding atau pembinaan scaffolding yang tidak betul <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kerosakkan forklifts atau operator forklift yang tidak bertanggungjawab <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kejatuhan beban akibat daripada pemindahan beban yang tidak sempurna atau <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kecuiaan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• tersadung atau jatuh akibat peralatan berada merata-rata di tapak <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kejatuhan struktur <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• kecederaan yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan jentera( rod kimpalan, perkakas <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">elektrik) yang tidak betul atau kecuiaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak yang bertanggungjawab di atas kemalangan bergantung kepada kemalangan itu sendiri. Pihak tersebut mungkin merupakan majikan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerja lain di tapak, kontraktor atau pengilang bergantung kepada punca kemalangan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-85660488019204503402011-03-31T11:49:00.001+08:002011-03-31T11:49:59.416+08:00FIRST AID KIT<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">WAN MAT AZAM B WAN MAT TAHIR (F1098)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">MOHAMAD RIDZUAN B ILYAS (F1061)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">ABDUL MUQNI B ABDUL RAZAK (F1119)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">AMIR FAIZ B MOHD ROSLI (F1113)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">MOHD AZRAI’ B MOHD ZUKI (F2038)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#818181"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#818181">FIRST AID KIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#818181"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">First aid is a vital aspect in every household. It means the initial or the first<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">action to be done in case of an emergency . In other words, it is the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">administration of emergency assistance to individuals who have been injured<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">or otherwise disabled, prior to the arrival of a physician or transportation to a<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">hospital. It may improve the situation or perhaps solving the problem all<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">together. But, first aid should never be the substitution for definitive medical<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">care.</span><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#818181"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue">The kit should contain the following items<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Sterilized cotton gauze swab.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Sterilized gauze and cotton wool pad.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Assorted adhesive plasters.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Elastic bandages.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Triangular bandage.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Clinical thermometer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Scissors.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pointed tweezers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Safety pins or clips.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">External medication – anti-itch cream, antiseptic lotion, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Webdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Webdings">!"</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Internal medication – antacid, pain reliever, fever reliever, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="CM15" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 45 Light"; color:black">The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 require you to provide adequate and appropriate first-aid equipment, facilities and people so your employees can be given immediate help if they are injured or taken ill at work. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM15" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:28.85pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0in;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 45 Light"; color:black">What is ‘adequate and appropriate’ will depend on the circumstances in your workplace and you should assess what your first-aid needs are (see Q3). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM2"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 45 Light";color:black">The minimum first-aid provision on any work site is: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent:-15.0pt">■ a suitably stocked first-aid box (see Q4); </p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent:-15.0pt">■ an appointed person to take charge of first-aid arrangements (see Q5); </p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent:-15.0pt">■ information for employees about first-aid arrangements (see Q8). </p> <p class="Default"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black">It is important to remember that accidents and illness can happen at any time. First-aid provision needs to be available at all times people are at work.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Helvetica 65 Medium","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 65 Medium"; color:black">First- Aider<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM3" style="margin-right:4.5pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 45 Light"; color:black">A first-aider is someone who has undertaken training and has a qualification that HSE approves. This means that they must hold a valid certificate of competence in either: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent:-15.0pt">■ first aid at work (FAW), issued by a training organisation approved by HSE; or </p> <p class="Default" style="text-indent:-15.0pt">■ emergency first aid at work (EFAW), issued by a training organisation approved by HSE or a recognised Awarding Body of Ofqual/Scottish Qualifications Authority. </p> <p class="Default"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="CM15" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:4.5pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0in;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 45 Light"; color:black">You can obtain lists of suitable training providers and Awarding Bodies from HSE’s Infoline (see Q9 for contact details). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="CM15" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:4.5pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0in;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Helvetica 45 Light"; color:black">Use the findings of your first-aid needs assessment (see Q3) to decide whether first-aiders should be trained in FAW or EFAW. EFAW training enables a first-aider to give emergency first aid to someone who is injured or becomes ill while at work. FAW training includes EFAW and also equips the first-aider to apply first aid to a range of specific injuries and illness. As a guide, Table 2 suggests the first-aid personnel to provide under different circumstances. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica 45 Light";color:black">To help keep their basic skills up to date, it is strongly recommended that your firstaiders undertake annual refresher training. The training organisations referred to above can run these courses.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-52433342872356981702011-03-31T11:38:00.001+08:002011-03-31T11:40:49.824+08:00Hirarc<p class="MsoNormal">WAN MAT AZAM B WAN MAT TAHIR (F1098)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">MOHAMAD RIDZUAN B ILYAS (F1061)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">ABDUL MUQNI B ABDUL RAZAK (F1119)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">AMIR FAIZ B MOHD ROSLI (F1113)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">MOHD AZRAI’ B MOHD ZUKI (F2038)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%">OSHA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%">HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Term And Definitions<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Hazard means </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">a source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">or ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Hazard control </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">means the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">with a hazard.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Hierarchy of control </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">means the established priority order for the types of measures to be<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">used to control risks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Hazard identification </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">means the identification of undesired events that lead to the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">materialisation of the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired events could<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">occur.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Risk </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">means a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">event.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Risk assessment </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">means the process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">from hazards at work.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Bold","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Bold">Risk management </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">means the total procedure associated with identifying a hazard,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">assessing the risk, putting in place control measures, and reviewing the outcomes.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">Purpose of HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">The purpose of HIRARC are as follows:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">a. to identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">hazards);<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">b. to consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">it (the risks); and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">c. to enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">that the risks are adequately controlled at all times.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">Planning of HIRARC Activities<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">H IRARC activities shall be plan and conducted –<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">a. for situation –<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">i. where hazard appear to pose significant threat;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">ii. uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">iii. before implementing corrective or preventive measures.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">b. by organization intending to continuously improve OSH Management System.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">It should be the duty of the employer to assign a trained personnel to lead a team of<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">employees associated with one particular process or activity to conduct HIRARC.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">Process of HIRARC<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">Process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps -<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">a. classify work activities;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">b. identify hazard;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">c. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from each hazard), by<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">calculating or estimating -<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">i. likelihood of occurrence, and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">ii. severity of hazard;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MinionPro-Regular","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:MinionPro-Regular">d. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary).<o:p></o:p></span></p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-21612932414751736832011-03-31T00:25:00.000+08:002011-03-31T00:25:42.872+08:00~FIRST AIDS~<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black;">DEFINATION <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black;">First aid</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black;"> is the provision of initial care for an </span><span lang="EN-MY"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illness"><span style="color: black;">illness</span></a><span style="color: black;"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury"><span style="color: black;">injury</span></a><span style="color: black;">. It is usually performed by a non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatment" title="Medical treatment"><span style="color: black;">medical treatment</span></a><span style="color: black;"> can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black;">OBJECTIVE<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span lang="EN-MY">The key objectives of first aid are the following:<br />
<br />
<strong>1</strong>. To preserve life. <br />
<br />
<strong>2</strong>. To alleviate suffering. <br />
<br />
<strong>3</strong>. To promote recovery.<br />
<br />
<strong>4</strong>. To prevent aggravation of the injury or illness until veterinary assistance can be obtained.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KEY SKILL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black;">Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly the "</span><span lang="EN-MY"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)" title="ABC (medicine)"><span style="color: black;">ABC</span></a><span style="color: black;">"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black;">ABC stands for <i>Airway</i>, <i>Breathing</i>, and <i>Circulation</i>. The same </span><span lang="EN-MY"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"><span style="color: black;">mnemonic</span></a><span style="color: black;"> is used by all </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine"><span style="color: black;">emergency health professionals</span></a><span style="color: black;">. Attention must first be brought to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway"><span style="color: black;">airway</span></a><span style="color: black;"> to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking"><span style="color: black;">choking</span></a><span style="color: black;">) is a life-threatening emergency. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black;">Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of </span><span lang="EN-MY"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath" title="Breath"><span style="color: black;">breathing</span></a><span style="color: black;"> and provide </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_breathing" title="Rescue breathing"><span style="color: black;">rescue breathing</span></a><span style="color: black;"> if necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Assessment of </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system"><span style="color: black;">circulation</span></a><span style="color: black;"> is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse"><span style="color: black;">pulse</span></a><span style="color: black;"> checks may be done on less serious patients.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-MY"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tongue-blocking-airways.png" title="Enlarge"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/R!exzF@/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="15" /></span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, it is necessary to hyperextend the head and pull up the chin, so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><br />
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><strong><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHECK FOR NORMAL VITAL SIGNS</span></strong><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is essential to know the normal temperature, pulse, and breathing rate of your cat to accurately judge the severity of illness or injury. Cats vary, as people do, but these are general guidelines:<br />
<br />
<strong>Temperature</strong> 100.4'F-102.5'F<br />
<br />
<strong>Pulse</strong> 160-240 per minute<br />
<br />
<strong>Respirations</strong> 20-30 per minute<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span lang="EN-MY">CONTENTS FOR A CAT FIRST-AID KIT</span></strong><span lang="EN-MY"><br />
<br />
<em><b>MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:</b></em><br />
<br />
Gauze bandages, 1" and 2" rolls (I each) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY">Gauze dressing pads, 3" X 3" (8) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY">Adhesive tape, I" roll (1) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY">Roll of cotton wool (I) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY">Triangular bandage (1) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY">Rectal thermometer (1) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY">Cotton bails (6) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-MY">Tweezers (I)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Specific disciplines<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="font-size: 12pt;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aquatic/Marine first aid</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—Usually practiced by professionals such as </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeguards" title="Lifeguards"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lifeguards</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, professional </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner" title="Mariner"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mariners</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or in </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diver_rescue"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diver rescue</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue and/or delayed </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedEvac" title="MedEvac"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MedEvac</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_medicine" title="Battlefield medicine"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Battlefield first aid</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—This takes in to account the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hyperbaric</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> first aid</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—Which may be practiced by </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">SCUBA diving</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> professionals, who need to treat conditions such as </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">the bends</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oxygen</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> first aid</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—Providing oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" title="Hypoxia (medical)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hypoxia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_first_aid"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wilderness first aid</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_Acid" title="Hydrofluoric Acid"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hydrofluoric Acid</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> first aid</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—taught to first aiders in the chemical industry where hydrofluoric acid may be used. Instructs the first aider how to initially treat (with </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_gluconate"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">calcium gluconate</span></a></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) any skin that has been splashed with the acid. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-MY">PREPARED BY - NUR AZREENA ZAHIRA BT KAMARUZAMAN(F1128)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">NURUL SYIFA’ BINTI ADNAN</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">F1121</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">NUR SYUHADA BINTI YAACOB</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">F1123</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">)</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">SITI NOR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHD SAID</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">F1110</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span>NUR FATIN SYAZWANI BT RAMLEE(F1115)</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-32301975999025566262011-03-27T09:00:00.001+08:002011-03-27T09:02:52.510+08:00First AidBy Ku Ahmad Mudrikah Ku Mukhtar, Hafizh Asyraf Ismail, Ahmad Farhan Ahmad Fuad, Afif Asyraf, Zaki Zakwan<div><br /></div><div><p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">First aid</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">is the provision of initial care for an<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illness" style="background-attachment:initial; background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;background-color:initial; background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial"><span style="color:#0645AD;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">illness</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury" style="background-attachment:initial; background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;background-color:initial; background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial"><span style="color:#0645AD;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">injury</span></a>. It is usually performed by a non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatment" title="Medical treatment" style="background-attachment:initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial; background-color:initial;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat: initial initial"><span style="color:#0645AD;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none">medical treatment</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black"></span></p><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.2pt;mso-line-height-alt:14.25pt; mso-outline-level:2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm"><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">History<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"><span style="color: #0645AD">Knights Hospitaller</span></a>, formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training other knights in how to treat common battlefield injuries.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-medicinenet-0"><span style="color:#0645AD">[1]</span></a></sup> The practice of first aid fell largely in to disuse during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"><span style="color:#0645AD">High Middle Ages</span></a>, and organized societies were not seen again until in 1859 Henry Dunant organized local villagers to help victims of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino"><span style="color: #0645AD">Battle of Solferino</span></a>, including the provision of first aid. Four years later, four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"><span style="color:#0645AD">Red Cross</span></a>, with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-medicinenet-0"><span style="color:#0645AD">[1]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the formation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Ambulance"><span style="color:#0645AD">St. John Ambulance</span></a> in 1877, based on the principles of the Knights Hospitaller, to teach first aid, and numerous other organization joined them with the term first aid first coined in 1878 as civilian ambulance services spread as a combination of "first treatment" and "national aid"<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-medicinenet-0"><span style="color:#0645AD">[1]</span></a></sup> in large railway centres and mining districts as well as with police forces. First aid training began to spread through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><span style="color:#0645AD">empire</span></a> through organisations such as St. John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-1"><span style="color:#0645AD">[2]</span></a></sup><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Many developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been driven by wars, such as in the case of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"><span style="color:#0645AD">American Civil War</span></a>, which prompted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Barton"><span style="color:#0645AD">Clara Barton</span></a> to organize the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"><span style="color:#0645AD">American Red Cross</span></a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-2"><span style="color:#0645AD">[3]</span></a></sup> Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"><span style="color:#0645AD">military</span></a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"><span style="color:#0645AD">Scouting</span></a> movement. New techniques and equipment have helped make today’s first aid simple and effective.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm"> <h2 style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.2pt;margin-left: 0cm;mso-line-height-alt:14.25pt;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black; font-weight:normal">Aims</span></span><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;font-weight:normal"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> </div> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points:<sup id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment:initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial; background-color:initial;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat: initial initial"><span style="color:#0645AD">[4]</span></a></sup><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Preserve life</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Prevent further harm</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">: also sometimes called<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>prevent the condition from worsening</b>, or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>danger of further injury</b>, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Promote recovery</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p></p></div>Mudrikahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14911169906678635848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-32543042404418357012011-03-26T20:26:00.000+08:002011-03-26T20:26:28.829+08:00PERTOLONGAN CEMAS/FIRST AID<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; 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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Adobe Fan Heiti Std B"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DISEDIAKAN OLEH: NURAIN BT MOHD IZAHAR,<span> </span>NURSHAZWANI BT SOHAIMI, NURUL SYAZWANI<span> </span>BT JAMALUDIN, NUR AISYA BT MOHD SETAR, FARAH<span> </span>WAHIDA<span> </span>BT SEDIK,<span> </span>SYAMIMI BT ABDUL YAZAN </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Adobe Fan Heiti Std B"; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">PERTOLONGAN CEMAS/FIRST AID</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Adobe Fan Heiti Std B"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></i><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Pertolongan Cemas</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Pertolongan atau bantuan segera yang bersifat sementara diberikan kepada mangsa yang mengalami kemalangan atau kecederaan dengan segala kemudahan yang terdapat di tempat kejadian sebelum ketibaan bantuan perubatan atau sebelum mangsa mendapat rawatan perubatan yang sempurna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan-tujuan Pertolongan Cemas</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Membantu menyelamatkan nyawa mangsa.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengelakkan mangsa dari kecederaan yang lebih teruk</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Membantu mengurangkan kesakitan atau kesengsaraan mangsa.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengendalian Mangsa Kemalangan</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberi bantuan dengan tenang dan pantas. Jangan panik semasa menghadapi keadaan.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Beri semangat kepada mangsa agar berada dalam keadaan tenang.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Uruskan bantuan supaya mangsa mendapat bantuan perubatan dengan segera.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapor kejadian kepada pihak polis jika perlu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat-sifat Pemberi Pertolongan Cemas Yang Baik</span></i></b></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Mempunyai kepercayaan kepada diri sendiri di dalam mengendalikan kes-kes kecemasan.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Pantas ikhtiar menggunakan segala kemudahan yang terdapat di tempat kejadian atau sekelilingnya.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Tajam perhatian di dalam mengenali tanda-tanda dan gejala sesuatu kes.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Mempunyai sifat bertimbang rasa kepada mangsa.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak mempunyai sikap memilih bangsa atau keturunan semasa memberi keutamaan rawatan mangsa.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Bersifat lemah lembut semasa memberi bantuan agar dapat mengurangkan kesakitan si mangsa.<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Tugas-tugas Ahli Pertolongan Cemas</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyelamatkan mangsa secara permulihan pernafasan CPR jika pernafasan mangsa terhenti, menahan pendarahan dan mengelakkan mangsa dari terjadi renjatan.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Membalut luka dengan kain yang bersih supaya dapat mengelakkan dari jangkitan kuman.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberi sokongan di bahagian yang cedera terutamanya patah dengan tuap atau anduh supaya bahagian yang cedera berkeadaan tetap dan tidak bergerak.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Elak mangsa dari mengalami renjatan.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Beri semangat kepada mangsa agar sentiasa berada dalam keadaan tenang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Peraturan-peraturan Semasa Memberi Bantuan </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">a) </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuat penilaian keadaan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Menentukan keselamatan diri dan mangsa dalam keadaan selamat.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudahan-kemudahan yang terdapat seperti telefon bagi kemudahan mendapatkan bantuan.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat menilai keterukan/keparahan mangsa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">b) </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuat diagnosa </span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">mendapatkan sejarah kejadian, tanda-tanda gejala, keadaan sekeliling yang boleh dijadikan bukti serta menjalankan pemeriksaan ke atas kecederaan mangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">c) </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberi rawatan sementara</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">menjalankan rawatan mengikut prinsip dan memberi keutamaan kepada mangsa yang teruk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">d) </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuat dan memberi laporan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">mengikut sejarah, kecederaan, pernafasan, nadi, kesedaran dan rawatan yang telah dilakukan ke atas mangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Peringatan !!!</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Elakkan dari melakukan bantuan yang berlebihan dari yang sepatutnya supaya dapat mengelakkan mangsa menjadi lebih teruk.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Jangan tanggalkan pakaian mangsa terutama mangsa yang tidak sedarkan diri. Lakukan dengan hanya melonggarkan sahaja mana-mana bahagian yang ketat.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Cuba</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> dapatkan bantuan perubatan seberapa segera.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Lakukan bantuan berdasarkan landas-landas selamatkan nyawa, pendarahan dan kecederaan patah.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Beri kerjasama kepada pihak polis atau perubatan jika bantuan diperlukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Resusitasi Kardio Pulmonari (CPR)<br />
</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Resusitasi Kardio Pulmonari adalah kaedah pemulihan gabungan permulihan pernafasan dengan permulihan pergerakan jantung yang terhenti. Di dalam kaedah ini permulihan pernafasan yang dilakukan adalah secara mulut ke mulut, mulut ke hidung atau mulut ke lubang pernafasan di tengkuk. Manakala permulihan pergerakan jantung adalah secara mengenakan tekanan (kompresi) di bahagian tertentu dada.</span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Resusitasi Kardio Pulmonary perlu dilakukan dengan segera dan tepat apabila terjadinya kejadian pernafasan dan pergerakan jantung terhenti kepada mangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Ini disebabkan faktor-faktor berikut</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">: </span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Bantuan diberi antara 0 hingga 5 minit selepas kejadian, peluang memulihkan mangsa adalah pada kadar 12%.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Bantuan selepas 5 hingga 10 minit kejadian, peluang mangsa pulih adalah pada kadar 2% sahaja.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Selepas 10 minit kejadian, tiada sebarang peluang memulihkan mangsa<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat peringkat-peringkat tertentu yang perlu diikuti dalam resusitasi Kardio Pulmonary. Antaranya ialah:</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Saluran pernafasan (airway)<br />
b. Pernafasan (breathing)<br />
c. Edaran darah (circulation)<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">a)Saluran pernafasan</span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">Pastikan mangsa betul-betul dalam keadaan tidak sedarkan diri dengan teknik menggoncangkan kedua-dua bahu mangsa sambil memanggil beliau.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah pasti mangsa pengsan, donggakkan kepala mangsa dan bahagian dagu mangsa (head tilt and chin lift). Bagi menetukan saluran pernafasan mangsa terbuka. Ini penting kerana semasa mangsa pengsan, otot-otot lidah dan epiglotis menjadi lemah dan menyempitkan saluran pernafasan mangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">b) Pernafasan </span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">Pastikan mangsa bernafas atau tidak dengan teknik lihat, dengar dan rasa secara mendekatkan telinga dan pipi penolong ke bahagian hidung mangsa sambil mata memerhatikan pergerakan dada mangsa.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">Beri bantuan pernafasan secara kaedah teknik mulut ke mulut, mulut ke hidung atau mulu ke lubang di tengkuk mengikut keadaan mangsa.<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">c) Edaran darah</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">Periksa pergerakan nadi dengan cara merasa nadi di leher (nadi karotik) atau lengan (nadi brachial) bagi bayi.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">Lakukan tekanan di bahagian luar dada (chest comression) setelah dipastikan pergerakan nadi terhenti.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><u><span style="font-family: "Adobe Fan Heiti Std B"; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">PETI PERTOL<span style="color: black;">ONGAN CEMAS/FIRST AID </span></span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Adobe Fan Heiti Std B"; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">KIT</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></u><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Definisi</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">satu peti/kotak yang mengandungi peralatan pertolongan cemas dan bekalan perubatan<span style="color: #333333;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepentingan Peti pertolongan Cemas</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Menyimpan item/ubatan untuk melakukan pertolongan cemas bagi:</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">menyelamatkan nyawa</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghenti dan menghalang kecederaan menjadi lebih teruk</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">menggalakkan penyembuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Memenuhi keperluan Perundangan</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Factories and Machinery Act 1967</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">section 25(parent Act)</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">regulation 38 (health,safety and welfare)</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">OSH</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> act 1994</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 112.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">section 15(parent Act)</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.5pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Senarai lengkap alatan dalam peti kecemasan</span></i></b></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 4.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">plaster - berbagai saiz dan bentuk</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">dreassing sterill - berbagai siaz</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">kapas</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">kasa sterill serta swab kasa</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">dressing khas untuk kes terbakar</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">bandage 3 segi</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">bandage crepe penggulung</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">pita lekat</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">pad mata</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>thermometer</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">gunting hujung tumpul</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">penyepit</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">pin penyelamat</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">kertas tisu</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">losyen antiseptik</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">beberapa jenis ubat seperti panadol, pil-pil rawatan</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-54037775475897395082011-03-23T19:17:00.002+08:002011-03-23T19:33:18.424+08:00SITI KHAIRIAH ABD MANAS(F1099),NOOR SHAZRINA SHAHFARI(F1095),AZIZAH NADIYA ABU HARI(F1094),NURUL AIN ABD RAHMAN(F1097),NURWANI AZIZAN(F1093).<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:28.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Algerian;color:#76923C; mso-themecolor:accent3;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIRST AID<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#943634;mso-themecolor:accent2; mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#943634;mso-themecolor:accent2; mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">ALSO KNOWN AS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2"></p><ul><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">First response, emergency medical response,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-MY"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">prehospital emergency medical care.</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#632423;mso-themecolor:accent2; mso-themeshade:128;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">DEFINE THE FIRST AID EQUIPMENT:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"></p><ul><li><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span">F</span><span class="Apple-style-span"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">irst aid equipment is the such of tools that we used for treat the person that involved in injuries or minor excident.</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#17365D;mso-themecolor:text2; mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">THE DEFINITION OF FIRST AID:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Simple emergency medical care procedures intended for lay rescuers to perform before emergency medical professionals are available.May refer to emergency medical providers, such as ambulance and other first responders.</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#76923C;mso-themecolor:accent3; mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">EXAMPLE:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">At a car accident,bystanders gave first aid to victims until the ambulance arrived</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#4F6228;mso-themecolor:accent3; mso-themeshade:128;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by kit,depending on its use and anticipated risk of infection.The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other common infection control PPE includes.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Goggles or other eye protection</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers.For this purpose the mask should not have an exhale valve).</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Apron</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#FABF8F;mso-themecolor:accent6; mso-themetint:153;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Trauma shears, for cutting clothing and general use.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Scissors are less useful but often included instead</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Tweezers</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Lighter, for sanitizing tweezers or pliers etc.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Alcohol pads for sanitizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to debride wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill cells which bacteria can then feed on</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#E36C0A;mso-themecolor:accent6; mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENTS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Trauma shears and foot ruler</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Standart scissors</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#5F497A;mso-themecolor:accent4; mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">THE EQUIPMENT:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Irrigation syringe</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-MY"> – with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with with sterile water,saline solution, or a weak iodine solution.The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt and debris.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Torch (also known as a flashlight)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Instant-acting chemical cold packs</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) or antiseptic hand wipes</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Thermometer</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as “emergency blanket”)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Penlight</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A variety of tweezers</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A generic disposable lighter</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A typical medical syringe with needle</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A high-powered LED flashlight</span></li><li><span style="font-family:"Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A space blanket</span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-35170531437695417712011-03-23T18:19:00.006+08:002011-03-23T19:09:15.743+08:00SITI KHAIRIAH ABD MANAS(F1099),NOOR SHAZRINA SHAHFARI(F1095),AZIZAH NADIYA ABU HARI(F1094),NURUL AIN ABD RAHMAN(F1097),NURWANI AZIZAN(F1093).<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><h3 style="font-family: Arial, helvetica; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.1em; color: rgb(178, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; font-weight: normal; "><h2 class="contentheading" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 25px; line-height: normal; ">Punca utama nahas di tempat kerja</h2><div class="article-tools clearfix" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; display: block; width: 729px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; clear: both; background-image: url(http://mp.mohr.gov.my/templates/ja_fedora_public/images/dot.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(174, 174, 174); position: relative; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; "><div class="article-meta" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; width: 510px; float: left; white-space: nowrap; "></div><div class="buttonheading" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; float: left; display: block; width: 60px; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 0px; "><span style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://mp.mohr.gov.my/index.php?view=article&catid=150%3Anews&id=2085%3Apunca-utama-nahas-di-tempat-kerja&tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=161&lang=my" title="Cetak" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(40, 156, 200); text-decoration: underline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img src="http://mp.mohr.gov.my/templates/ja_fedora_public/images/printButton.png" alt="Cetak" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: right; " /></a></span><br /></div></div><div class="article-content" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; "><div id="vozme2085" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; "><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Punca utama nahas di tempat kerja</strong><br />Berita Harian:2010/07/06<br /><br />KUANTAN: Tekanan adalah penyakit pekerjaan yang banyak menyumbang kepada kemalangan di tempat kerja, kata Timbalan Menteri Sumber Manusia, Datuk Maznah Mazlan.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Beliau berkata, menurut laporan yang dikeluarkan Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa (ILO), tekanan dikenal pasti penyakit pekerjaan abad terkini yang paling bahaya dalam dunia pekerjaan. Katanya, tekanan yang dihadapi seseorang pekerja itu boleh menyebabkannya hilang tumpuan di tempat kerja sehinggakan terlepas pandang aspek keselamatan. “Contohnya sekiranya tempat kerja itu mempunyai persekitaran yang banyak risiko seperti di tempat tinggi, kalau emosi pekerja itu terganggu sebab tekanan ia akan mengalihkan tumpuan kerja dan mengakibatkan kemalangan,” katanya.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Beliau berkata demikian kepada pemberita selepas melancarkan Minggu Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 2010 Peringkat Kebangsaan dan Seminar Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan di Institusi Pendidikan di Universiti Malaysia Pahang di sini, semalam.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Maznah berkata, penyakit pekerjaan lain adalah penyakit yang berkaitan dengan paru-paru, kulit, pendengaran, kanser, agen biologi, tulang belakang dan rangka manusia serta pendedahan kepada kimia.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Beliau berkata sebanyak 55,186 kes kemalangan di tempat kerja dilaporkan sepanjang tahun lalu iaitu peningkatan sebanyak 1.95 peratus berbanding tahun 2008 dengan 1,231 kes adalah kes kemalangan maut. <br />Sementara itu katanya, Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (DOSH) menjalankan 136,951 pemeriksaan terhadap kilang dan jentera di seluruh negara pada tahun lalu.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">“Daripada jumlah itu, DOSH mengeluarkan 3,407 surat arahan serta notis untuk memperbaiki dan sebanyak 258 kompaun kepada kesalahan kecil yang dilakukan majikan,” katanya. – BERNAMA</p></div></div></span></h3></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-6611533773462578552011-03-23T18:19:00.005+08:002011-03-23T19:09:13.781+08:00SITI KHAIRIAH ABD MANAS(F1099),NOOR SHAZRINA SHAHFARI(F1095),AZIZAH NADIYA ABU HARI(F1094),NURUL AIN ABD RAHMAN(F1097),NURWANI AZIZAN(F1093).<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><h3 style="font-family: Arial, helvetica; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.1em; color: rgb(178, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; font-weight: normal; "><h2 class="contentheading" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 25px; line-height: normal; ">Punca utama nahas di tempat kerja</h2><div class="article-tools clearfix" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; display: block; width: 729px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; clear: both; background-image: url(http://mp.mohr.gov.my/templates/ja_fedora_public/images/dot.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(174, 174, 174); position: relative; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; "><div class="article-meta" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; width: 510px; float: left; white-space: nowrap; "></div><div class="buttonheading" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; float: left; display: block; width: 60px; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 0px; "><span style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://mp.mohr.gov.my/index.php?view=article&catid=150%3Anews&id=2085%3Apunca-utama-nahas-di-tempat-kerja&tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=161&lang=my" title="Cetak" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(40, 156, 200); text-decoration: underline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img src="http://mp.mohr.gov.my/templates/ja_fedora_public/images/printButton.png" alt="Cetak" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: right; " /></a></span><br /></div></div><div class="article-content" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; "><div id="vozme2085" style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; "><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Punca utama nahas di tempat kerja</strong><br />Berita Harian:2010/07/06<br /><br />KUANTAN: Tekanan adalah penyakit pekerjaan yang banyak menyumbang kepada kemalangan di tempat kerja, kata Timbalan Menteri Sumber Manusia, Datuk Maznah Mazlan.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Beliau berkata, menurut laporan yang dikeluarkan Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa (ILO), tekanan dikenal pasti penyakit pekerjaan abad terkini yang paling bahaya dalam dunia pekerjaan. Katanya, tekanan yang dihadapi seseorang pekerja itu boleh menyebabkannya hilang tumpuan di tempat kerja sehinggakan terlepas pandang aspek keselamatan. “Contohnya sekiranya tempat kerja itu mempunyai persekitaran yang banyak risiko seperti di tempat tinggi, kalau emosi pekerja itu terganggu sebab tekanan ia akan mengalihkan tumpuan kerja dan mengakibatkan kemalangan,” katanya.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Beliau berkata demikian kepada pemberita selepas melancarkan Minggu Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 2010 Peringkat Kebangsaan dan Seminar Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan di Institusi Pendidikan di Universiti Malaysia Pahang di sini, semalam.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Maznah berkata, penyakit pekerjaan lain adalah penyakit yang berkaitan dengan paru-paru, kulit, pendengaran, kanser, agen biologi, tulang belakang dan rangka manusia serta pendedahan kepada kimia.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Beliau berkata sebanyak 55,186 kes kemalangan di tempat kerja dilaporkan sepanjang tahun lalu iaitu peningkatan sebanyak 1.95 peratus berbanding tahun 2008 dengan 1,231 kes adalah kes kemalangan maut. <br />Sementara itu katanya, Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (DOSH) menjalankan 136,951 pemeriksaan terhadap kilang dan jentera di seluruh negara pada tahun lalu.</p><p style="font-weight: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">“Daripada jumlah itu, DOSH mengeluarkan 3,407 surat arahan serta notis untuk memperbaiki dan sebanyak 258 kompaun kepada kesalahan kecil yang dilakukan majikan,” katanya. – BERNAMA</p></div></div></span></h3></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-84549224106800691442011-03-23T18:19:00.004+08:002011-03-23T18:41:28.320+08:00SITI KHAIRIAH ABD MANAS(F1099),NOOR SHAZRINA SHAHFARI(F1095),AZIZAH NADIYA ABU HARI(F1094),NURUL AIN ABD RAHMAN(F1097),NURWANI AZIZAN(F1093).<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><h3 style="font-family: Arial, helvetica; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.1em; color: rgb(178, 0, 0); ">Kemalangan di tempat kerja ragut lebih 5,000 nyawa</h3><div id="dateline">29/07/2010 6:15pm</div><br /><p>MELAKA 29 Julai – Seramai 5,116 pekerja meninggal dunia akibat kemalangan di tempat kerja dalam tempoh antara 2006 dan tahun lepas, kata Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Malaysia (DOSH), Datuk Ir. Dr. Johari Basri.</p><p>Beliau berkata, pada tahun 2006, jumlahnya ialah 1,303, manakala pada tahun 2007 (1,337 orang), 2008 (1,176 orang) dan 2009 (1,300 orang), dengan paling banyak menyebabkan kematian membabitkan pekerja sektor pembinaan.</p><p>Bagaimanapun menurutnya, jumlah kes kemalangan di tempat kerja menunjukkan penurunan ketara lebih 40 peratus berbanding kira-kira 15 tahun lalu, iaitu daripada 120,000 kes pada 1995 kepada 61,161 kes tahun lepas.</p><p>Beliau berkata demikian kepada pemberita ketika ditemui selepas majlis perasmian Seminar keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan bagi Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan 2010 Peringkat Melaka dan Negeri Sembilan di Ayer Keroh di sini, hari ini. – Bernama</p></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-92200368401904648072011-03-22T23:31:00.000+08:002011-03-22T23:34:41.297+08:00OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">first aid kit</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>first aid,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and can put together for the purpose (by an individual or organisation, for instance), or purchased complete. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the knowledge and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid requirements of the area where it may be used, and variations in legislation or regulation in a given area.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">The international standard for first aid kits is that they should be identified with the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ISO<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>graphical symbol for first aid (from ISO 7010) which is an equal white cross on a green background, although many kits do not comply with this standard, either because they are put together by an individual or they predate the standards.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"></span>Airway, Breathing and Circulation.</b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">First aid treats the</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:MS">ABCs<span style="color:black"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">as the foundation of good treatment. For this reason, most modern commercial first aid kits (although not necessarily those assembled at home) will contain a suitable infection barrier for performing</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> artificial respiration </span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">as part of</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> cardiopulmonary</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">, examples include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Pocket mask <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Face shield <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Advanced first aid kits may also contain items such as:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Oropharyngeal airway <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Nasopharyngeal airway <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Bag valve mask <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Manual aspirator or sunction unit <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Sphygmomanometer(blood pressure cuff)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">stethoscope<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">Personal protective equipment</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by kit, depending on its use and anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other common infection control PPE includes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">goggles or other eye protection<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask should not have an exhale valve)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">apron<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"> <h2 style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.2pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:14.25pt;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black; font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h2> <h2 style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.2pt;margin-left: 0cm;mso-line-height-alt:14.25pt;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black; font-weight:normal">Workplace first aid kit</span></span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black; font-weight:normal"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> </div> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">In the United States, the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" style="background-attachment:initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial; background-color:initial;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat: initial initial"><span style="color:#0645AD">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(OSHA) requires all job sites and workplaces to make available first aid equipment for use by injured employees .<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>While providing regulations for some industries such as logging<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in general the regulation lack specifics on the contents of the first aid kit. This is understandable, as the regulation covers every means of employment, and different jobs have different types of injuries and different first-aid requirements. However, in a non-mandatory section<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid_kit#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment:initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial; background-color:initial;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat: initial initial"></a></sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>, the OSHA regulations do refer to ANSI/ISEA Specification Z308.1<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>as the basis for the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>suggested</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>minimum contents of a first aid kit. Another source for modern first aid kit information is United States Forest Service<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Specification 6170-6 ,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>which specifies the contents of several different-sized kits, intended to serve groups of differing size.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">In general, the type of first aid facilities required in a workplace are determined by many factors, such as:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">the laws and regulation of the state or territory in which it is located;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">the type of industry concerned; for example, industries such as mining may have specific industry regulations detailing specialised instructions;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">the type of hazards present in the workplace;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">the number of employees in the workplace;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">the number of different locations that the workplace is spread over;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">the proximity to local services (doctors, hospital, ambulance).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm"> <h2 style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.2pt;margin-left: 0cm;mso-line-height-alt:14.25pt;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black; font-weight:normal">Historic first aid kits</span></span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black; font-weight:normal"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> </div> <p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">As the understanding of first aid and lifesaving measures has advanced, and the nature of public health risks has changed, the contents of first aid kits have changed to reflect prevailing understandings and conditions. For example, earlier US Federal specifications<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>for first aid kits included incision/suction-type snakebite kits and mercurochrome antiseptic. As explained in the article on snakebite, this type of snakebite kit is no longer recommended.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mercurochrome<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is not approved by the US FDA due to concerns over mercury poisoning. Other examples include the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>CPR face shields and specific<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>body-fluid<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>barriers included in modern kits, to assist in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>CPR<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and to help prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens such as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>HIV . Modern CPR not having been popularized until after 1960, and HIV not being recognized until 1983.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.6pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 3"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">Medication</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS">Medication can be a controversial addition to a first aid kit, especially if it is for use on members of the public. It is, however, common for personal or family first aid kits to contain certain medications. Dependent on scope of practice, the main types of medicine are life saving medications, which may be commonly found in first aid kits used by paid or assigned first aiders for members of the public or employees, painkillers, which are often found in personal kits, but may also be found in public provision and lastly symptomatic relief medicines, which are generally only found in personal kits.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Life saving</span></b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:MS">Aspirin <span style="color:black">primarily used for central medical chest pain as an anti-coagulant<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:MS">Epinephrine autoinjector<span style="color:black"> </span></span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">(brand name Epipen) - often included in kits for wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to treat anaphylactic shock.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Pain killers</span></b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:MS">Paracetamol</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">(also known as Acetaminophen) is one of the most common pain killing medication, as either tablet or syrup<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as Ibuprofen,</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> Naproxen </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">or other NSAIDs</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">can be used as part of treating</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> sprain </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">and strains<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Odeine </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">which is both a painkiller and anti-diarrheal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Symptomatic relief</span></b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Anti</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> diarrhea </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">medication such as</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> Loperamide </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">- especially important in remote or third world locations where dehydration caused by diarrhea is a leading killer of children<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Oral rehydration salts <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Antihistamine, such as diphenydramine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Poison treatments<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo7; tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Absorption, such as</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> activated charcoal</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo7; tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">emetics</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">to induce vomiting, such as</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> syrup of ipecac </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">although first aid manuals now advise against inducing vomiting.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Smelling salts(ammonium carbonate)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Topical medications</span></b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Antiseptic ointment, fluid, moist wipe or spray, including</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> benzalkonium chloride,Noemycin,Polymyxin B</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-fareast-language:MS"> ,</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Sulfate or Bacitracin</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">Zinc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo8; tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Povidone iodine</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">is an antiseptic in the from of liquid, swabstick, or towelette<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Aloe vera</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">gel - used for a wide variety of skin problems, including burns, sunburns, itching, and dry skin; used as a substitute for triple-antibiotic gel to keep a wound moist and prevent bandages from sticking<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Burn gel - a water-based gel that acts as a cooling agent and often includes a mild anesthetic such as lidocaine</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">and, sometimes, an antiseptic such as tea tree oil <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Anti-itch ointment<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo8; tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">hydrocitisoone</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">cream<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo8; tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">antihiistamine</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">cream containing</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"> diphenhydramine</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo8; tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Calamine lotion<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Anti-fungal</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">cream<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:MS">Tincture of benzoine</span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS"> </span><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">- often in the form of an individually sealed swabstick, protects the skin and aids the adhesion of butterfly strips or adhesive bandaged.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language: MS">MAS AMIRA BT MOHD HAMIL(F1112),ZATUN NAJAHAH BT SALLEH(F1105),NORLILA BT IBRAHIM(F1124),NURATIELIA BT AZHAR(F1103), SYAMIMI BT ABDUL YAZAN(F1116)<o:p></o:p></span></p>Mas Amirahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15643105656805184446noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-47417589325609985482011-03-13T10:16:00.000+08:002011-03-13T10:16:52.064+08:00Assignment: Occupational First AidDear students....<br />
<br />
Group Asssignment:<br />
<br />
Browse the Internet for an article regarding "Occupational First Aid" and then upload to this blog. Any articles about "Occupational First Aid" are accepted including first aid equipment, rules, basic treatment or CPR.<br />
<br />
All group will present their finding on Thursday 24 Mac 2011.<br />
<br />
Thanks..pulangkanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01287080404082095904noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-87966573917554338712011-03-04T13:04:00.002+08:002011-03-04T13:04:42.874+08:00DOSH dakwa 179 syarikat<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">KUALA LUMPUR: Akibat mengabaikan keselamatan, kesihatan serta enggan melaporkan kes kemalangan di tempat kerja, sebanyak 179 syarikat berputih mata apabila dihadapkan ke mahkamah tahun lalu oleh Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Malaysia (DOSH).</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Timbalan Menteri Sumber Manusia, Datuk Maznah Mazlan berkata, pihaknya memandang serius perbuatan majikan yang sengaja menyembunyikan dan tidak melaporkan kemalangan pekerja mereka kerana ia menyalahi garis panduan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan (OSH).</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br />
“Justeru, DOSH menghantar pegawainya membuat pemeriksaan mengejut dari semasa ke semasa untuk memastikan majikan mematuhi peraturan dan akta keselamatan sedia ada.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">“Kita hendak menghalang kemalangan berlaku di tempat kerja sebab itu majikan perlu melaporkan sebarang kes supaya langkah pembaikan dapat diambil,” katanya pada sidang media selepas menyampaikan ucaptama pada Seminar Keselamatan & Kesihatan Pekerjaan dan Alam Sekitar bagi pengurusan Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) di sini, semalam.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br />
Hadir sama, Ketua Pengarah DOSH, Datuk Ir Johari Basri dan Ketua Pegawai Operasi TNB, Datuk Azman Mohd.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br />
Maznah berkata, berdasarkan statistik Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial (Perkeso), 57,656 kemalangan membabitkan kematian, hilang upaya sementara dan kekal dilaporkan tahun lalu berbanding 55,186 kes pada 2009 dengan pembayaran pampasan melebihi RM1.5 bilion.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">HM</div>pulangkanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01287080404082095904noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-43045227873021465922011-03-01T09:29:00.001+08:002011-03-01T09:29:21.455+08:00Terima KasihTerima kasih kerana update blog ini... teruskan usaha anda lagi...<br />
rakan2 yang lain boleh turut serta sama.... :)pulangkanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01287080404082095904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-33380589994437751342011-02-28T20:44:00.000+08:002011-02-28T20:44:13.103+08:00KEMALANGAN DISEBABKAN KECUAIAN<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt;">DI SEDIAKAN OLEH:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NURAIN BT MOHD IZAHAR , NURUL SYAZWANI BT JAMALUDIN, </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NUR AISYA BT MOHD SETAR , NURSHAZWANI BT SOHAIMI ,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">SYAMIMI BT ABD YAZAN , FARAH WAHIDA BT SEDIK</span></div><br />
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<div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pencegahan Kemalangan di Tempat Kerja </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pengenalan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Keselamatan merupakan satu aspek yang amat penting dan perlu<br />
dititikberatkan dalam semua hal. Semua pihak mesti berwaspada dan sentiasa<br />
mengamalkan langkah keselamatan semasa bekerja, terutamanya ketika<br />
menggunakan peralatan mesin.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sehubungan dengan itu, peraturan tentang keselamatan perlu dimaklumkan kepada pengguna untuk dipatuhi bagi mengelakkan berlakunya kemalangan. Kemalangan yang biasa berlaku di tempat kerja, umumnya boleh dikelaskan kepada tiga jenis, iaitu: </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Kecuaian manusia seperti tidak berhati-hati ketika bekerja dan tidak menggunakan alat keselamatan seperti gogal dan pelindung muka. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Peralatan dan mesin yang digunakan dalam keadaan tidak selamat seperti mesin pemampat udara yang tidak<span> </span>mempunyai pelindung atau menggunakan tukul yang mempunyai hulu yang telah longgar. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Persekitaran tempat kerja yang kurang selamat seperti bekerja di<span> </span>kawasan yang gelap,sempit, dan lantai yang berminyak. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
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</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkah Laku Dan Pakaian </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Semasa berada di tempat kerja, pengguna perlu menjaga tingkah laku dan<br />
mematuhi peraturan pemakaian yang telah ditetapkan bagi menjamin keselamatan<br />
dan mengelakkan kemalangan yang tidak diingini berlaku. Untuk itu, beberapa<br />
peraturan keselamatan tentang tingkah laku dan pakaian telah ditetapkan.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkah Laku Di Tempat Kerja </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk menjauhi kemalangan ketika berada di tempat kerja, beberapa peraturan hendaklah dipatuhi. Biasanya, di setiap tempat kerja terdapat peraturan am yang telah di tetapkan dan peraturan ini boleh dikelaskan kepada dua, iaitu keselamatan diri dan keselamatan di tempat kerja. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Keselamatan Diri </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pengguna perlu mematuhi peraturan berpakaian ketika berada di tempat kerja. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pengguna hendaklah mengikut kaedah yang betul ketika menggunakan dan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">mengendalikan peralatan dan mesin semasa berada di tempat kerja.<span> </span></span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pengguna tidak dibenarkan bermain-main dan bergurau senda dengan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">rakan-rakan sama ada dengan peralatan dalam bengkel atau tidak. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Keselamatan Tempat Kerja </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Tempat kerja mestilah mempunyai susun atur yang baik bagi membolehkan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">kerja dijalankan dengan baik dan lancar. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Tempat kerja mestilah mendapat cahaya yang mencukupi dan sistem pengudaraan yang baik bagi memastikan kerja yang dilakukan tidak menghadapi sebarang masalah. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Tempat kerja hendaklah sentiasa bersih daripada sebarang sisa kerja seperti serpihan besi dan minyak bagi mengelakkan kemalangan yang disebabkan oleh bahan tersebut. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
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</div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pakaian Dan Alat Perlindingan Di Tempat Kerja </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Cara berpakaian juga perlu dititikberatkan bagi menjamin keselamatan pengguna ketika melaksanakan kerja. Pakaian di tempat kerja boleh dikelaskan kepada tiga, iaitu: </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">a. Pakaian am </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">b. Pakaian perlindungan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">c. Peralatan perlindungan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pakaian Am</span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pakaian yang dipakai semasa bekerja hendaklah sesuai,iaitu tidak terlalu longgar atau terlalu ketat.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Pakaian yang terlalu longgar boleh menyebabkan kemalangan kerana mudah tersangkut pada peralatan dan mesin, terutamanya pada mesin yang sedang bergerak. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pakaian yang terlalu ketat pula menyukarkan pergerakan dan menyebabkan pemakai berasa kurang selesa untuk bekerja. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Rambut mestilah pendek dan kemas.bagi pekerja perempuan yang berambut panjang pula,rambut hendaklah diikat supaya tidak tersangkut pada mesin yang sedang berputar. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>v.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pekerja yang memakai tudung hendaklah menyisipkan tudung ke dalam baju. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vi.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Barang perhiasan seperti jam tangan, cincin dan rantai hendaklah ditanggalkan sebelum kerja dimulakan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Barang-barang tersebut hendaklah disimpan kerana ianya boleh menyebabkan berlakunya kemalangan akibat tersangkut atau menjadi pengalir elektrik semasa litar pintas berlaku. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pakaian Perlindungan </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kasut yang dipakai hendaklah mempunyai pelindung keselamatan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kasut ini dapat melindungi kaki daripada terkena serpihan atau sekiranya ditimpa benda berat.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tapaknya yang tebal juga dapat melindungi kaki daripada benda tajam dan tergelincir kerana tapaknya tidak mudah haus. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sarung tangan yang sesuai perlu digunakan ketika memegang bahan kerja atau peralatan bagi mengelakkan kecederaan semasa kerja mengimpal, memotong dan merivet. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>v.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Apron atau pakaian keselamatan yang diperbuat daripada kulit perlu dipakai <span> </span></span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>bagi mengelakkan kecederaan pada tubuh ketika melakukan kerja mengimpal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Peralatan Perlindungan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Alat pelindung keselamatan yang sesuai seperti gogal (semasa mencanai dan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">menggerudi) serta pelindung muka (semasa mengimpal arka) perlu digunakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pengalihan Dan Penyimpanan Bahan-bahan </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat pelbagai jenis bahan yang digunakan dalam aktiviti kejuruteraan.Antara bahan yang biasa digunakan di tempat kerja ialah bahan mudah terbakar, bahan yang berat dan panjang, serta bahan toksik. Bahan tersebut hendaklah disimpan di tempat yang selamat dan mudah disenggara. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan Mudah Terbakar </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan mudah terbakar terdiri daripada silinder gas yang berisikan gas asetilena dan oksigen yang digunakan dalam kerja kimpalan dan cecair bahan api seperti petrol, diesel, kerosin, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan berbentuk cecair hendaklah disimpan dalam bekas yang bertutup dan tidak mudah terdedah pada udara. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Simpan bahan tersebut di tempat yang selamat serta jauh dari punca api.Ia juga mesti dilabel dan tempat simpanannya hendaklah ditanda amaran seperti Awas Mudah Terbakar bagi mengingatkan pengguna supaya sentiasa berhati-hati semasa berada di tempat tersebut dan ketika menggunakannya. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="nw1"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;">Bahan mudah terbakar perlu disimpan atau diletakkan di tempat yang</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <span class="nw1"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mempunyai pengudaraan yang baik bagi memastikannya sentiasa dalam keadaan</span></span> <span class="nw1"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">selamat.</span></span> </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="nw1"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>v.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="nw1"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila bahan tersebut ingin dipindahkan, gunakanlah troli dan bekas yang</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <span class="nw1"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bertutup bagi mengelakkannya</span></span><span class="ib1"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="nw1"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">daripada tertumpah. </span></span></span><span class="nw1"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="nw1"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vi.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="nw1"><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;">Bagi silinder gas yang</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <span class="nw1"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengandungi oksigen dan asetilena, silinder tersebut hendaklah sentiasa dalam</span></span> <span class="nw1"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">keadaan tegak .</span></span></span><span class="nw1"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan Berat Dan Panjang </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan berat dan panjang pula terdiri daripada bahan berbentuk pepejal pelbagai saiz seperti bahan logam dan komponen-komponen mesin. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan yang berat dan panjang seperti logam hendaklah diletakkan di atas rak yang kukuh dan kuat, manakala bahan yang kecil seperti skru dan rivet hendaklah disimpan dalam bekas kecil yang bertutup dan berlabel bagi mengelakkannya daripada berselerak dan hilang.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Rak yang dibina bagi menyimpan bahan berat dan panjang hendaklah tidak terlalu tinggi sehingga sukar hendak dicapai. Apabila bahan berat hendak dialih, lakukan dengan berhati-hati dengan bantuan rakan-rakan atau dengan menggunakan bantuan jek atau troli. Bagi bahan yang panjang pula,alihkan bahan tersebut dengan bantuan rakan-rakan bagi memudahkan pengalihan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan Toksik </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bahan toksik yang terdiri daripada bahan kimia hendaklah diasingkan daripada bahan mudah terbakar dan bahan lain. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengelakkan tumpahan yang boleh menyebabkan kemalangan kepada pengguna. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bekas bahan tersebut hendaklah dilabelkan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Apabila bahan tersebut hendak dialihkan, gunakan troli dan bekas yang bertutup bagi mengelakkan tumpahan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penggunaan Alat Dan Kelengkapan </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Peraturan penggunaan alat dan kelengkapan juga perlu dipatuhi bagi menjamin keselamatan pengguna di tempat kerja. Antara peraturannya adalah seperti yang berikut: </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 37.65pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Elakkan daripada menggunakan peralatan atau mesin sekiranya tidak tahu kaedah penggunaannya. Jika salah menggunakannya atau mengendalikannya mungkin boleh menyebabkan kemalangan.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 37.65pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pastikan bahagian mesin yang berputar mempunyai pelindung keselamatan. Contohnya, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.3. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 37.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 37.65pt;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="http://htmlimg3.scribdassets.com/7camjpfog0m1pjd/images/8-7c7ea988b5/000.jpg" height="148" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="443" /></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 19.65pt; text-indent: 1.35pt;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Rajah 3.3.1 Pemampat udara yang mempunyai pelindung & pahat yang selamat serta tidak selama <span> </span>digunakan,</span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 37.65pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pastikan peralatan dalam keadaan baik sebelum digunakan.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 37.65pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Penggunaan peralatan yang telah rosak seperti pahat yang berkepala cendawan boleh menyebabkan berlakunya kemalangan akibat penyerpihan logam pahat semasa memahat. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penggunaan Kuasa Elektrik </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kuasa elektrik digunakan dengan meluas dalam bidang perindustrian dan pembuatan. Kuasa elektrik digunakan bagi membolehkan kerja dilakukan dengan lebih cepat, selamat dan sistematik.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimanapun, penggunaan elektrik yang tidak disenggara dengan baik boleh mendatangkan bahaya kepada pengguna. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penggunaan kuasa elektrik dengan cara yang tidak selamat seperti boleh menyebabkan renjatan elektrik dan kebakaran. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bagi mengelakkan kemalangan elektrik, pekerja mestilah sentiasa berwaspada dan mengikuti peraturan yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>v.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Antara langkah yang perlu diberi perhatian bagi mengelakkan kemalangan elektrik adalah dengan memastikan setiap penggunaan bahan elektrik dilengkapi dengan pembumian dan penebatan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">pendawaian elektrik. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Penebatan pula amat perlu bagi setiap alat elektrik sebagai pelindung untuk mengawal pengaliran arus. Arus dan voltan yang berlebihan semasa alat elektrik digunakan boleh membahayakan pengguna dan merosakkan alat tersebut. Sebab itu, alat pelindung diperlukan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Alat pelindung atau peranti pelindung yang biasa digunakan ialah fius dan pemutus litar. Peranti pelindung berfungsi memutuskan aliran elektrik dalam litar jika berlaku kebocoran elektrik atau sekiranya tenaga elektrik digunakan secara berlebihan.Jika tiada peranti perlindung, kemalangan elektrik mungkin boleh berlaku. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">3.5.1 Renjatan Elektrik </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila berlaku renjatan elektrik, pengguna akan terdedah kepada bahaya elektrik sehingga masalah yang menyebabkan renjatan dapat diatasi. Biasanya, renjatan elektrik boleh menyebabkan kematian sekiranya tidak dirawat dengan segera. Terdapat beberapa punca yang boleh menyebabkan renjatan elektrik. Antaranya termasuklah: </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">a. Kebocoran pendawaian seperti kabel pecah, sambungan yang rosak </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">dan tiada pembumian. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">b. Kesilapan pendawaian elektrik semasa dibaiki dan diubahsuai oleh </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">orang yang tidak bertauliah.<br />
c. Persekitaran yang basah.<br />
d. Kerosakan alat elektrik.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Semasa renjatan elektrik berlaku,badan mangsa akan berfungsi sebagai pengalir arus elektrik. Renjatan juga akan menyebabkan mangsa melecur, pengsan dan perlu di beri rawatan segera. Sekiranya tidak dirawat dengan segera, mungkin boleh mengakibatkan kematian kepada mangsa. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">10 </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Berikut merupakan langkah yang perlu diambil apabila berlaku renjatan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">elektrik: </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">a. Putuskan bekalan utama elektrik, jangan sesekali menyentuh </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">mangsa sebelum bekalan diputuskan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">b. Alihkan mangsa renjatan ke tempat yang selamat. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">c. Berikan bantuan pernafasan sekiranya mangsa pengsan atau </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">pernafasannya terhenti. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">d. Dapatkan bantuan perubatan dengan segera. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">3.6 </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Kebakaran </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Elektrik juga boleh menyebabkan kebakaran. Umumnya, terdapat beberapa </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">faktor yang menyebabkan hal ini berlaku, antaranya : </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">a. Berlaku kerosakan pada sistem penebatan kabel yang </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">menyebabkan litar pintas. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">b. Penggunaan tenaga elektrik yang berlebihan.<br />
c. Penggunaan fius yang salah<br />
d. Penyambungan litar yang longgar pada peranti</span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">3.6.1 Pencegahan Kebakaran </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Kebakaran yang berlaku boleh menyebabkan kecederaan, kehilangan nyawa dan kerugian harta benda. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan kebakaran. Antaranya ialah: </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">i. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Bahan mudah terbakar seperti gas, petrol dan sebagainya. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">11 </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">ii. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Kecuaian pekerja yang tidak mematuhi peraturan semasa bekerja dengan bahan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">api dan merokok di tempat kerja. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">iii. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Berlaku litar pintas yang disebabkan oleh kerosakan pada pendawaian, peralatan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">dan mesin. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Bagi mengelakkan kebakaran, pengguna mesti sentiasa mematuhi peraturan dan langkah keselamatan yang telah ditetapkan. Antara langkah yang perlu diambil dan dipatuhi ialah: </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">i. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Pastikan pendawaian elektrik di tempat kerja dalam keadaan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">sempurna. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">ii. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Pastikan peralatan dan mesin yang menggunakan kuasa elektrik </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">sentiasa dalam keadaan selamat untuk digunakan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">iii. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Pastikan bahan mudah terbakar tersimpan di tempat yang selamat </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">dan jauh dari punca api </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">iv. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Pastikan alat pemadam api sentiasa dalam keadaan baik dan boleh </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">digunakan. Letakkannya di tempat yang mudah dicapai. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan mengambil langkah berjaga-jaga, pengguna dapat mengelakkan </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">sebarang kejadian yang tidak diingini demi keselamatan semua pihak. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">3.6.2 Alat Pemadam Api </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Alat pemadam api ialah alat yang digunakan untuk memadam kebakaran. Alat pemadam api yang sering digunakan adalah dalam bentuk silinder. Kaedah menggunakan alat pemadam api perlu dipelajari oleh semua pihak agar dapat bertindak dengan cara yang betul. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila berlaku kebakaran,setiap pekerja yang berada di tempat kerja perlu bersedia mengambil tindakan yang cepat dan tepat. Alat pemadam api yang disediakan mesti digunakan dengan betul dan dapat membantu memadamkan kebakaran. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="display: none; font-size: 12pt;">12 </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya, alat pemadam api yang terdapat di tempat kerja digunakan untuk memadamkan kebakaran yang kecil dan punca kebakaran sebelum pihak bomba datang membantu. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span>viii.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Adalah satu kesalahan sekiranya mana-mana bangunan tidak menyediakan alat pemadam api kerana ia amat penting bagi mengelakkan kebakaran kecil daripada terus merebak ke tempat lain. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ix.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat pelbagai alat pemadam api yang boleh digunakan untuk memadamkan kebakaran. Selain itu, pasir dan air juga boleh digunakan bagi memadamkan kebakaran yang berpunca daripada bahan seperti tilam,kain,kayu dan perabot. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><b>Peti Pertolongan Kecemasan</b> </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Semua pekerja perlu mempunyai pengetahuan asas tentang pertolongan cemas supaya dapat membantu sekiranya berlakunya kemalangan atau kecemasan di tempat kerja. Di samping itu, tempat kerja juga perlu dilengkapi dengan peti pertolongan cemas. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Peti ini hendaklah diletakkan di tempat yang sesuai dan mudah diperolehi apabila ingin digunakan. Senarai kelengkapan dan ubat-ubatan yang perlu ada dalam kotak peti pertolongan cemas serta kegunaannya ditunjukkan dalam jadual dibawah.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Jadual : Senarai alat dan ubat yang perlu ada dalam peti pertolongan cemas serta kegunaannya. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Alat/Ubat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kegunaan</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kain anduh</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mengampu lengan yang patah atau terseliuh</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kain Pembalut Kasa </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Membalut luka atau anggota yang terseliuh</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gunting</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Memotong</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Larutan Flavin </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Merawat luka</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Larutan Antiseptik</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Merawat luka</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Krim Antiseptik </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Merawat luka</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.25pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 19.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Kapas </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mencuci luka serta menyapu ubat pada luka</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.05pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 10.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penampal Luka (Plaster)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 240.95pt;" valign="top" width="321"> <div align="center" class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Membalut luka kecil</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Rawatan Kecederaan </span></b></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Apabila berlaku kecederaan seperti luka dan melecur, rawatan segera hendaklah di berikan kepada mangsa sebelim bantuan perubatan tiba. Antara beberapa langkah segera perlu di ambil ialah:</span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">a. Rawatan luka </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sapukan ubat antiseptic pada bahagian luka. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Lekatkan penampal luka. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sekiranya luka besar, balutkan dengan kain kasa. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Jika darah keluar banyak, tambahkan balutan kain itu. <span> </span></span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tinggikan bahagian anggota yang berdarah untuk memperlahankan darah keluar. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">b. Rawatan mangsa patah </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Anggota yang patah tidak boleh di gerakan dan jangan sesekali </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">bertindak kasar. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gantungkan anggota yang patah dengan menggunakan kain anduh untuk mengampu anggota tersebut dengan berhati-hati.</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Dapatkan bantuan perubatan dengan segera. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">c. Rawatan melecur </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Jangan sentuh pada tempat melecur </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Jangan letakkan sebarang ubat jika keadaan tempat yang melecur kelihatan teruk. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Balutkan tempat melecur dengan kain pembalut yang bersih sementara menunggu bantuan perubatan. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dapatkan bantuan perubatan dengan segera. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">d. Sesak nafas tempat yang lapang untuk mendapatkan pengaliran udara yang lebih baik. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tenangkan dan rehatkan</span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Longgarkan ikatan seperti leher dan tali pinggang yang terdapat pada badan mangsa. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Alihkan mangsa ke mangsa. </span></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dapatkan bantuan perubatan dengan segera. </span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-84262427512379017962011-02-28T20:39:00.000+08:002011-02-28T20:39:23.750+08:00MAKSUD HIRARC<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt;">DI SEDIAKAN OLEH:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NURAIN BT MOHD IZAHAR , NURUL SYAZWANI BT JAMALUDIN, </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NUR AISYA BT MOHD SETAR , NURSHAZWANI BT SOHAIMI ,</span></div><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">SYAMIMI BT ABD YAZAN , FARAH WAHIDA BT SEDIK</span><br />
<br />
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">HIRARC</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalpastian Hazard, Penafsiran Risiko dan Kawalan risiko atau lebih dikenali sebagai HIRARC merupakan kaedah bagi membolehkan sesuatu organisasi menguruskan hazard yang wujud ditempat kerja mereka dengan lebih berkesan. Selain itu juga ianya merupakan salah satu dari tanggungjawab undang-undang yang termaktub dalam akta keselamatan & kesihatan pekerjaan 1994 dan Akta Kilang & Jentera 1967.Tujuan utama HIRARC dilakukan bagi memastikan bahawa kawalan yang sedia ada memadai atau tidak. Dengan HIRARC kita dapat mengenalpasti semua faktor yang boleh mendatangkan bahaya kepada pekerja dan orang lain (hazard) dan menimbangkan peluang untuk berlakunya sesuatu kejadian dalam sesuatu keadaan dan kesan akibatnya (risiko). Dengan ini, membolehkan pihak majikan merancang, memperkenalkan dan memantau langkah-langkah pencegahan untuk memastikan risiko dapat dikawal pada setiap masa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">BILA HIRARC PERLU DILAKUKAN</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HIRARC perlu dilakukan bagi situasi seperti :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Dimana wujudnya hazard yang boleh membahayakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Keadaan tidak pasti samada kawalan sedia ada memadai atau tidak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Sebelum melaksanakan langkah pembetulan atau pencegahan bagi sesuatu aktiviti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu juga HIRARC dilakukan bagi organisasi yang melakukan penambahbaikan pengurusan keselamatan secara berterusan. Ianya sepertimana yang dilakukan oleh UniMAP dalam melaksanakan MS 1722: 2005 & OHSAS 18001:2007</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">TAHUKAH ANDA?</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Hazard - Punca atau keadaan yang boleh mendatangkan kemudaratan dalam bentuk:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i. Kecederaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ii. Penyakit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iii. Kerosakan harta benda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iv. Kemusnahan alam sekitar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v. Atau kombinasi di atas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian berbahaya/</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kemalangan dan kesan akibatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Penilaian Risiko - Keseluruhan proses menganggarkan tahap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">risiko dan memutuskan samada ianya boleh diterima atau tidak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengawal Risko - Langkah yang diambil untuk menghapus atau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengurangkan risiko.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">PERANCANGAN HIRARC</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perancangan aktiviti HIRARC perlu diadakan secara berterusan dan meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Aktiviti rutin dan tidak rutin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Aktiviti setiap personal termasuk bukan kakitangan (kontraktor,pelawat)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Kemudahan setiap tempat kerja (makmal, workshop, dewan kuliah, dll.)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil analisa risiko perlu didokumenkan dan digunakan untuk kawalan risiko dalam pengurusan KKP ditempat kerja serta rujukan dan semakan masa hadapan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">PRINSIP ASAS PERANCANGAN HIRARC</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengurusan risiko perlu diintegrasi di dalam aktiviti perancangan pada semua peringkat urusan . Pihak pembangun HIRARC perlu menerima dan ambil perhatian terhadap semua risiko . Selepas itu buat keputusan risiko yang sesuai (berdasar kepada tahap risiko). Pihak PTj perlu mengurus risiko yang wujud dengan kaedah yang sesuai dengan norma kerja dan kemampuanya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">ELEMENT HIRARC</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenal pasti masalah</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menilai risiko</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengawal risiko</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">LANGKAH-LANGKAH KAWALAN</span></u></b></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaskan aktiviti/kerja</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan pengenal pastian hazard</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapatkan tahap<span> </span>risiko</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawal risiko yang paling tinggi</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji semula keberkesanan kawalan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">KATOGERI HAZARD</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hazard boleh dikatogerikan kepada 8 elemen yang utama:</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kimia</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fizikal</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biologi</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ergonomic</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikososial</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanikal </span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrik</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">PUNCA HAZARD</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia – perbuatan berbahaya</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jentera- pemasangan, susun atur dan reka bentuk peralatan</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan- bahan-bahan seperti kimia dan larutan yang digunakan</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaedah- cara pekerja melaksanakan kerja</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan- kaedah persekitaran kerja seperti kualiti, udara, percahayaan, bunyi dan getaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">PEMILIHAN LANGKAH KAWALAN</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Langkah kawalan yang diambil perlu berlandaskan undang-undang dan peraturan dalam melaksanakan prosedur atau proses kerja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Setiap Tindakan perubahan yang diambil dapat diterima dengan baik kepada pengurusan dan mudah dalam melaksanakannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Langkah kawalan yang dipilih juga perlu berteraskan informasi terkini mengenai KKP dimana setiap tindakan perlu mengandungi informasi dan laporan seperti JKKP dan jabatan lain yang berkaitan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">Kesimpulan</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Kaedah dalam mengawal sebarang risiko ditempat kerja adalah dengan menggunakan HIRARAC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Dengan kaedah HIRARC kita dapat merancang dan memastikan tempat kerja kita dalam keadaan yang kondusif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Pengenalpastian hazard, penilaian risiko, kawalan dan semakan semula bukanlah suatu tugas yang dibuat sekali sahaja dan dilupakan tetapi ianya suatu aktiviti yang berterusan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. HIRARC hendaklah didokumentasikan walaupun seringkas mana sekalipun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. HIRARC hendaklah jalankan dengan penilaian teliti ke atas kebarangkalian dan juga kesan akibat manakala langkah kawalan yang dicadangkan hendaklah menepati hirarki kawalan.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015715756666066579.post-13858556508765357192011-02-27T20:54:00.001+08:002011-02-27T21:16:11.390+08:00<div id="ContentContainer" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><div class="keydeck12" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal arial, verdana, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-top: 5px; line-height: 1.3em; "><h3 style="font-family: Arial, helvetica; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.1em; color: rgb(178, 0, 0); ">Kemalangan di tempat kerja ragut lebih 5,000 nyawa</h3><div id="dateline">29/07/2010 6:15pm</div><br /><p>MELAKA 29 Julai – Seramai 5,116 pekerja meninggal dunia akibat kemalangan di tempat kerja dalam tempoh antara 2006 dan tahun lepas, kata Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Malaysia (DOSH), Datuk Ir. Dr. Johari Basri.</p><p>Beliau berkata, pada tahun 2006, jumlahnya ialah 1,303, manakala pada tahun 2007 (1,337 orang), 2008 (1,176 orang) dan 2009 (1,300 orang), dengan paling banyak menyebabkan kematian membabitkan pekerja sektor pembinaan.</p><p>Bagaimanapun menurutnya, jumlah kes kemalangan di tempat kerja menunjukkan penurunan ketara lebih 40 peratus berbanding kira-kira 15 tahun lalu, iaitu daripada 120,000 kes pada 1995 kepada 61,161 kes tahun lepas.</p><p>Beliau berkata demikian kepada pemberita ketika ditemui selepas majlis perasmian Seminar keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan bagi Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan 2010 Peringkat Melaka dan Negeri Sembilan di Ayer Keroh di sini, hari ini. – Bernama</p><p>by MAS AMIRA BT MOHD HAMIL,ZATUN NAJAHAH BT SALLEH,NORLILA BT IBRAHIM,NUR ATIELIA BT AZHAR</p></div></div><div class="Bordertajuk" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><div class="Boxtajuk"><div class="Headertajuk" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: middle; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-color: rgb(143, 204, 245); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(220, 238, 250); text-align: left; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 7px; margin-top: 30px; ">TAJUK-TAJUK BERITA LAIN:</div></div></div>Mas Amirahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15643105656805184446noreply@blogger.com0