KEMALANGAN DI TEMPAT KERJA

FATIN SYAZWANI BINTI RAMLEE (F1115)

NUR AZREENA ZAHIRA BINTI KAMARUZAMAN (F1128)

NUR SYUHADA BINTI YAACOB (F1123)

NURUL SYIFA' BINTI ADNAN (F1121)

SITI NOR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHD SAID (F1110)

Punca Kemalangan

Tapak pembinaan boleh menjadi amat berbahaya apabila subkontraktor gagal mengamalkan

langkah-langkah keselamatan. Dalam kilang bahan kimia, kilang besi, kilang penapis,

pemasangan paip, pembinaan bangunan tinggi dan lain-lain tapak pembinaan, kemalangan

boleh mengakibatkan kecederaan yang kritikal dan kemalangan yang meyayatkan hati.

Kemalangan scaffolding serta punca lain yang boleh  mengakibatkan kemalangan dan

kematian biasanya disebabkan oleh kecuaian dalam menggunakan peralatan dan

penyelenggaraan. Sebanyak 10,000 kemalangan selalu  dilaporkan adalah berkaitan dengan

scaffolding. Kebanyakan kecederaan yang disebabkan  oleh scaffolding adalah berpunca

daripada kegagalan untuk menampung atau pekerja tergelincir atau terhantuk dengan

peralatan yang jatuh dari atas.

Kimpalan, memotong dan membuat sokongan adalah aktiviti yang mempunyai

gabungan hazard kepada keselamatan dan kesihatan dan lebih 500,000 pekerja dalam banyak

industri terdedah kepada risiko sebegini. Peraturan mewajibkan penggunaan alatan

perlindungan individu untuk menggurangkan pekerja terdedah kepada hazard semasa

membuat kerja kimpalan. Majikan diminta menyenaraikan hazard-hazard yang terdapat di

tempat kerja dan mengkaji bahawa perlulkah pekerja menggunakan alatan perlindungan diri

untuk melindungi pekerja mereka. Antara hazard yang berkaitan dengan kerja kimpalan ialah

sinaran UV(ultraviolet radiation) yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan  electric arc  dalam

proses kimpalan. Kulit yang terdedah dengan sinaran UV akan terbakar dengan teruk dalam

kebanyakan kes tanpa sebarang amaran awal. UV juga  boleh merosakkan kanta mata dan

menjadikan kulit menjadi sensitif kepada beberapa penggunaan bahan kimia (Robert et. al

1985).

Sinaran IR(infrated radiation) yang dihasilkan dengan penggunaan  electric arc  dan

nyala mesin pemotong boleh melecurkan permukaan kulit dan tisu di bahagian bawah dengan

serta-merta. Keadaan seperti ini boleh menyebabkan  kebakaran termal dalam sesetengah

situasi. Pekerja dalam sektor pembinaan terdedah kepada berbagai jenis bahaya dan berdepan

dengan risiko yang tinggi yang berkait dengan kecederaan dan kematian adalah tinggi

berbanding dengan sektor lain di Malaysia. Statistik menunjukkan seramai 9605 orang mati

untuk 10 tahun yang yang lepas dalam kemalangan yang berlaku di tapak pembinaan.

            Pada tahun 1992, sebanyak 919 kematian direkodkan tetapi pada tahun 2005,

bilangan ini meningkatkan kepada 1150 kematian. Hampir setengah daripada kemalangan ini

melibatkan kaum lelaki yang berusia di antara 20 hingga 24 tahun. Pada yang tahun yang

sama, lebih daripada setengah kematian dalam sektor pembinaan (544) berlaku di antara

lingkungan usia ini. Syarikat kecil tidak menyediakan program keselamatan yang formal

seperti syarikat besar kerana program seperti ini memerlukan kebenaran OSHA. Syarikat

kecil juga tidak dapat untuk menyediakan pekerja mereka dengan peralatan yang selamat

seperti harnesses, tie-offs dan lanyards (Robert et. al 1985).  Setiap tahun, kejadian tergelincir merekodkan bahagian yang besar dalam jumlah

mangsa di tapak pembinaan. Kemalangan jenis ini lazimnya melibatkan punca yang pelbagai

iaitu tempat kerja yang tidak stabil, penggunaan alatan perlindungan yang tidak betul dan

kecuiaan manusia. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan jaring keselamatan(safety nets),

sistem kawalan kegelinciran(fall arrest system), penutup(covers) dan sistem kawalan

pengangkutan(travel restriction system) boleh mencegah daripada kecederaan akibat terjatuh

dan kematian.

Antara faktor tergelincir dan kecederaan di tapak pembinaan di Malaysia ialah:

• lubang yang tidak ditutup di atas lantai atau tanah

• kecuaian dalam penggunaan tangga

• pembinaan scaffolding yang tidak sempurna

• kekurangan latihan penggunaan jentera berat

• kemalangan jentera pembinaan

• keadaan di mana membenarkan objek jatuh dan menghempap pekerja

• kegagalan menggunakan jaring(nets) atau kanopi untuk menangkap objek yang jatuh

• kekurangan penyeliaan keselamatan

• pelanggaran peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh  Occupational Safety and Health

Administration(OSHA)

• kecuaian pekerja tapak yang lain

• kelakuan pekerja tapak yang tidak memuaskan

• kerosakan peralatan di tapak bina

• kecuaian dan kesilapan pekerja lain mengambil dadah atau meminum arak

            Dalam kebanyakkan kes, kemalangan di tapak disebabkan oleh mangsa kecederaan bagaimanapun, dalam banyak kes kemalangan tapak bukan merupakan kesalahan mangsa yang tercedera. Keadaan ini membolehkan mangsa menuntut ganti rugi untuk kegunaan rawatan, kerugian pendapatan, kesakitan, penderitaan dan kecederaan untuk jangka masa yang panjang yang disebabkan oleh kemalangan.

Antara keadaan yang berbahaya di tapak bina:

• kerosakkan scaffolding atau pembinaan scaffolding yang tidak betul

• kerosakkan forklifts atau operator forklift yang tidak bertanggungjawab

• kejatuhan beban akibat daripada pemindahan beban yang tidak sempurna atau

kecuiaan

• tersadung atau jatuh akibat peralatan berada merata-rata di tapak

• kejatuhan struktur

• kecederaan yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan jentera( rod kimpalan, perkakas

elektrik) yang tidak betul atau kecuiaan 

 Pihak yang bertanggungjawab di atas kemalangan bergantung kepada kemalangan itu sendiri. Pihak tersebut mungkin merupakan majikan,  pekerja lain di tapak, kontraktor atau pengilang bergantung kepada punca kemalangan.   

FIRST AID KIT

WAN MAT AZAM B WAN MAT TAHIR (F1098)

MOHAMAD RIDZUAN B ILYAS (F1061)

ABDUL MUQNI B ABDUL RAZAK (F1119)

AMIR FAIZ B MOHD ROSLI (F1113)

MOHD AZRAI’ B MOHD ZUKI (F2038)

FIRST AID KIT

First aid is a vital aspect in every household. It means the initial or the first

action to be done in case of an emergency . In other words, it is the

administration of emergency assistance to individuals who have been injured

or otherwise disabled, prior to the arrival of a physician or transportation to a

hospital. It may improve the situation or perhaps solving the problem all

together. But, first aid should never be the substitution for definitive medical

care.

The kit should contain the following items

!"Sterilized cotton gauze swab.

!"Sterilized gauze and cotton wool pad.

!"Assorted adhesive plasters.

!"Elastic bandages.

!"Triangular bandage.

!"Clinical thermometer.

!"Scissors.

!"Pointed tweezers.

!"Safety pins or clips.

!"External medication – anti-itch cream, antiseptic lotion, etc.

!"Internal medication – antacid, pain reliever, fever reliever, etc.

The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 require you to provide adequate and appropriate first-aid equipment, facilities and people so your employees can be given immediate help if they are injured or taken ill at work.

What is ‘adequate and appropriate’ will depend on the circumstances in your workplace and you should assess what your first-aid needs are (see Q3).

The minimum first-aid provision on any work site is:

■ a suitably stocked first-aid box (see Q4);

■ an appointed person to take charge of first-aid arrangements (see Q5);

■ information for employees about first-aid arrangements (see Q8).

It is important to remember that accidents and illness can happen at any time. First-aid provision needs to be available at all times people are at work.

First- Aider

A first-aider is someone who has undertaken training and has a qualification that HSE approves. This means that they must hold a valid certificate of competence in either:

■ first aid at work (FAW), issued by a training organisation approved by HSE; or

■ emergency first aid at work (EFAW), issued by a training organisation approved by HSE or a recognised Awarding Body of Ofqual/Scottish Qualifications Authority.

You can obtain lists of suitable training providers and Awarding Bodies from HSE’s Infoline (see Q9 for contact details).

Use the findings of your first-aid needs assessment (see Q3) to decide whether first-aiders should be trained in FAW or EFAW. EFAW training enables a first-aider to give emergency first aid to someone who is injured or becomes ill while at work. FAW training includes EFAW and also equips the first-aider to apply first aid to a range of specific injuries and illness. As a guide, Table 2 suggests the first-aid personnel to provide under different circumstances.

To help keep their basic skills up to date, it is strongly recommended that your firstaiders undertake annual refresher training. The training organisations referred to above can run these courses.

Hirarc

WAN MAT AZAM B WAN MAT TAHIR (F1098)

MOHAMAD RIDZUAN B ILYAS (F1061)

ABDUL MUQNI B ABDUL RAZAK (F1119)

AMIR FAIZ B MOHD ROSLI (F1113)

MOHD AZRAI’ B MOHD ZUKI (F2038)

OSHA

HIRARC

Term And Definitions

Hazard means a source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury

or ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.

Hazard control means the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated

with a hazard.

Hierarchy of control means the established priority order for the types of measures to be

used to control risks.

Hazard identification means the identification of undesired events that lead to the

materialisation of the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired events could

occur.

Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with

specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to

the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the

event.

Risk assessment means the process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising

from hazards at work.

Risk management means the total procedure associated with identifying a hazard,

assessing the risk, putting in place control measures, and reviewing the outcomes.

Purpose of HIRARC

The purpose of HIRARC are as follows:-

a. to identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the

hazards);

b. to consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the

circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from

it (the risks); and

c. to enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure

that the risks are adequately controlled at all times.

Planning of HIRARC Activities

H IRARC activities shall be plan and conducted –

a. for situation –

i. where hazard appear to pose significant threat;

ii. uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and

iii. before implementing corrective or preventive measures.

b. by organization intending to continuously improve OSH Management System.

It should be the duty of the employer to assign a trained personnel to lead a team of

employees associated with one particular process or activity to conduct HIRARC.

Process of HIRARC

Process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps -

a. classify work activities;

b. identify hazard;

c. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from each hazard), by

calculating or estimating -

i. likelihood of occurrence, and

ii. severity of hazard;

d. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary).

~FIRST AIDS~

DEFINATION
First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

OBJECTIVE
The key objectives of first aid are the following:

1. To preserve life.

2. To alleviate suffering.

3. To promote recovery.

4. To prevent aggravation of the injury or illness until veterinary assistance can be obtained.

KEY SKILL

·         Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries.

·         ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency.

·         Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary.

Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less serious patients.

In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, it is necessary to hyperextend the head and pull up the chin, so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway.

CHECK FOR NORMAL VITAL SIGNS

It is essential to know the normal temperature, pulse, and breathing rate of your cat to accurately judge the severity of illness or injury. Cats vary, as people do, but these are general guidelines:

Temperature    100.4'F-102.5'F

Pulse                 160-240 per minute

Respirations     20-30 per minute

CONTENTS FOR A CAT FIRST-AID KIT

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

Gauze bandages, 1" and 2" rolls (I each)

Gauze dressing pads, 3" X 3" (8)

Adhesive tape, I" roll (1)

Roll of cotton wool (I)

Triangular bandage (1)

Rectal thermometer (1)

Cotton bails (6)

Tweezers (I)

Specific disciplines

There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.

• Aquatic/Marine first aid—Usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional mariners or in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue and/or delayed MedEvac.
• Battlefield first aid—This takes in to account the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict.
• Hyperbaric first aid—Which may be practiced by SCUBA diving professionals, who need to treat conditions such as the bends.
• Oxygen first aid—Providing oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in hypoxia.
• Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
• Hydrofluoric Acid first aid—taught to first aiders in the chemical industry where hydrofluoric acid may be used. Instructs the first aider how to initially treat (with calcium gluconate) any skin that has been splashed with the acid.

PREPARED BY - NUR AZREENA ZAHIRA BT KAMARUZAMAN(F1128)

                             NURUL SYIFA’ BINTI ADNAN(F1121)

                             NUR SYUHADA BINTI YAACOB(F1123)

                             SITI NOR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHD SAID(F1110)

                                       NUR FATIN SYAZWANI BT RAMLEE(F1115)

First Aid

By Ku Ahmad Mudrikah Ku Mukhtar, Hafizh Asyraf Ismail, Ahmad Farhan Ahmad Fuad, Afif Asyraf, Zaki Zakwan

First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients.

History

The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the Knights Hospitaller, formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training other knights in how to treat common battlefield injuries.^[1] The practice of first aid fell largely in to disuse during the High Middle Ages, and organized societies were not seen again until in 1859 Henry Dunant organized local villagers to help victims of the Battle of Solferino, including the provision of first aid. Four years later, four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".^[1] This was followed by the formation of St. John Ambulance in 1877, based on the principles of the Knights Hospitaller, to teach first aid, and numerous other organization joined them with the term first aid first coined in 1878 as civilian ambulance services spread as a combination of "first treatment" and "national aid"^[1] in large railway centres and mining districts as well as with police forces. First aid training began to spread through the empire through organisations such as St. John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.^[2]

Many developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been driven by wars, such as in the case of theAmerican Civil War, which prompted Clara Barton to organize the American Red Cross.^[3] Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the military and the Scouting movement. New techniques and equipment have helped make today’s first aid simple and effective.

Aims

The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points:^[4]

§ Preserve life: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives

§ Prevent further harm: also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of further injury, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.

§ Promote recovery: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound

First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases.